THIS POST IS CONTINUED FROM PART 1, BELOW--
WHAT ABOUT EARTHWORMS?
Regular use of chemical fertilizers decimates the top soil – the soil becomes unproductive due to destruction of microbes , earth worms and fungi.
THE GREEN REVOLUTION SHOULD HAVE BEEN DONE WITH EARTHWORMS-- NOT CHEMICALS
Largely unseen, earthworms are a diverse, powerful workforce with the capacity to transform soil into fertile ground. Their living mass outweighs all other animal life forms in global soils.
An earthworm is a tube-shaped, segmented worm found in the phylum Annelida. They are commonly found living in soil, feeding on live and dead organic matter. An earthworm's digestive system runs through the length of its body. It conducts respiration through its skin.
Earthworm populations depend on both physical and chemical properties of the soil, such as temperature, moisture, pH, salts, aeration, and texture, as well as available food, and the ability of the species to reproduce and disperse.
Earthworms live in all levels of the soil. Deep-burrowing earthworms live in lower layers of the soil and form permanent burrows, while shallow dwellers exist in the top 12 inches of soil and create random pathways as they feed. The presence of earthworms typically has a positive effect on the quality of the soil
Globally, earthworms populations have been devastated by deviation from organic production and the spraying of synthetic fertilizers and biocides with at least three species now listed as extinct but many more endangered.
Earthworms feed on plant debris (dead roots, leaves, grasses, manure) and soil. Their digestive system concentrates the organic and mineral constituents in the food they eat, so their casts are richer in available nutrients than the soil around them.
Nitrogen in the casts is readily available to plants. Worm bodies decompose rapidly, further contributing to the nitrogen content of soil.
Earthworms’ powerful activities include promoting favorable soil structure, increasing biological diversity, improving soil function, balancing nutrients needed by plants and animals and optimizing living soil.
Earthworm castings are an ideal organic amendment/fertilizer with greatly increased nutrient solubility compared to the organic materials they originated from. Castings are particularly rich in phosphorus which stimulates seedling and root growth and extension.
Worm casts release four times more phosphorus than does surface soil. Worms leave their nutrient-rich casts in their tunnels, providing a favourable environment for plant root growth. The tunnels also allow roots to penetrate deeper into the soil, where they can reach extra moisture and nutrients.
The extensive channelling and burrowing by earthworms loosens and aerates the soil and improves soil drainage. Soils with earthworms drain up to 10 times faster than soils without earthworms.
In zero-till soils, where worm populations are high, water infiltration can be up to 6 times greater than in cultivated soils. Earthworm tunnels also act, under the influence of rain, irrigation and gravity, as passageways .
Earthworm casts cement soil particles together in water-stable aggregates. These are able to store moisture without dispersing.
Earthworms which leave their casts on the soil surface rebuild topsoil. Earthworms do not like soil that is too acid, alkaline, dry, wet, hot or cold, their presence is a good indicator of soil conditions suitable for plant growth.
Earthworms need a continuous supply of calcium, so are absent in soils low in this element.
Earthworms not only play productive roles in sustainable agriculture, but they have enormous capacity to help mitigate our elevated atmospheric greenhouse gas content by reducing carbon and nitrogen gas.
Because earthworms derive their nutrition from fungi, bacteria, protozoa and nematodes, their lives and those of teeming masses of microorganisms and microbes are closely interlinked.
Microbes break down plant and animal debris. This process promotes the nutrition and health of earthworms, microbes, soil and everything that depends on the soil.
As earthworms turn and churn, they function as effective premier plant residue shredders. Their work helps liberate plant nutrients into the digestive tract by microbe activity while the earthworms themselves are favored.
Through their tunnel networks they create air channels, optimizing aeration and providing conduits for watering the soil. By allowing water and air to channel through the soil they promote rooting. Roots and plant residue feed the rich microflora that feeds the worms.
Worms feed the earth that nourishes the plants. This is a productive interdependent life cycle. The ability to maximize water percolation also minimizes runoff, and reduced runoff greatly reduces soil erosion.
The humic substances in earthworm castings support the foundational physiological processes of plants such as photosynthesis and respiration. Their growth regulation properties include the ability to stimulate defensive reactions in plants, allowing them to deal with stress and adapt to difficult conditions.
You can compare the earthworm tunnel system to a motor with pistons — the muscular earthworms are the piston drivers of the soil pump. Plant materials fuel the living soil machine with microbial-aided decomposition working together with the worms deriving their energy through the plant remains.
The earthworms drive plant material into the ground, infusing life into the whole system.
Unlike many other animal manures, earthworm casting are not laden with toxic ammonia. Earthworm castings are rich in organic nitrogen.
This critical difference gives unique advantages over other animal manures. Earthworm castings are also distinctive in being rich in carbon and calcium.
Because of the organic nature and low ammonia, earthworm castings can be used in close proximity to seedlings without plant toxicity.
Besides calcium, red earthworm castings are exceedingly rich in iron. Copious calcium excretion is critical to the metabolism and digestion of earthworms, and earthworms can be greatly restricted in acid soils.
Where soils are high in alkalinity, the ability of plants which originally adapted to more acid environments, show inability to absorb and utilize iron. This results in plants yellowing due to iron deficiency or chlorosis. The organic, chelated form of iron from castings is ideal for such situations because they are readily soluble and rich in iron.
Humic materials from the earthworm microbial combo are champion chelators. Earthworm castings have a 6.9 pH, neither highly acid nor alkaline. This neutral, slightly acid pH is friendly to both earthworms and most plants they depend upon.
Besides the castings, the earthworm ejects granules akin to miniature lime stones. The fine structure of earthworm granules is both beautiful and well organized. Like castings these granule outputs are dispersed into the soil, where they act to benefit soil fertility, biology and structure.
The earthworm-tilled soil becomes limed with calcium carbonate quartz granules besides being enriched with a critical spectrum of major, secondary and micronutrients.
These granules take carbon dioxide that was in our atmosphere as greenhouse gas and trap it as insoluble carbonate. The little lime stones neutralize the soil, preventing it from becoming overly acidic. Calcium also serves as a mortar for cementing soil aggregates together, conserving both carbon and soil structure.
Soil acidity is the mortal enemy of earthworms, and the use of ammoniated fertilizers and tillage can largely stymie their beneficial natural soil-building potential. Earthworms are well known as premier bio-indicator organisms, revealing soil potential and overall environmental health.
The only nutrients available to plants are those that become soluble. Carbon is the primary element in earthworm castings. This high carbon content demonstrates the organic nature of this amendment and organic nature is key for solubility of difficult-to-dissolve minerals.
After carbon, calcium is second in abundance in earthworm castings. Unlike synthetic amendments that do not address secondary nutrients, earthworm castings do just that. Castings have abundant nutrients in balanced rations.
Calcium provides a key not only to structure and nutritional aspects for the plant but also acts as mortar in the formation of soil structure or aggregation. It helps granulate or aggregate the particles and stabilizes them from erosive force by its cementing action, which helps water and nutrients flow through the soil system. When earthworms build their soil profiles, they need mortar to be master builders.
In humans, calcium is involved in the structure and function of our bones. As calcium granulates and coagulates soil aggregates, the serum calcium is critical in this defensive blood clotting in animals and humans. As calcium is lost in membranes the defensive reactions of plants are triggered. When calcium is low in plant cell walls and membranes, they become very susceptible to soft rot by fungi and bacteria.
Nutrients from earthworms are ideal based on nitrate nitrogen form and its liming effect based on calcium in the worms’ metabolism.. Their nitrogen as nitrate does not acidify the soil as common ammoniated synthetic nitrogen does..
Earthworm casting has significant nitrogen, it is in nitrate rather than ammonium form. Nitrate, when absorbed by plants, causes release of hydroxyl ions, working together with the calcium carbonate granules to lime the soil, not to acidify it.
One negative nitrate in the plant, leads to one negative hydroxyl out of the plant. This conservation of charges results in liming the root zone or rhizosphere. This in turn helps the rhizosphere and earthworm to create favorable environments for the plants and themselves in the virtuous cycle. This working together is especially important for the problematic, acid, infertile soils in the majority of struggling areas in the global tropics.
Earthworms mix together different layers of soil and incorporate carbon in the form of organic matter into the soil. It’s within this process of mixing that disperses the organic matter throughout the soil and makes the nutrients held in it available to plants.
In addition earthworms propagate microorganisms in their gut adding to the biological population in the soil. Earthworms when present improve the soil physical, chemical and biological properties and acts as soil conditioner.
They do this is through:--
Fragmentation
Aeration and soil aggregation
The breakdown of organic matter in soil
Release of plant available nutrients
Secretion of plant growth hormones
Performing their role in nitrogen fixation
Carbon dynamics
Microbial production
Phosphorous dynamics
Reducing compaction
Increasing water infiltration
Again, earthworms do not like acid soils.
The addition of lime raises pH and also adds calcium. Earthworms need a continuous supply of calcium, so are absent in soils low in this element.
Earthworms are the principal agents in mixing dead surface matter with the soil, making the carbon more accessible to decomposition by soil microbes..
Moisture is crucial for the survival of worms. They can lose 20% of their body weight each day in mucus and castings. Groundcover such as pasture or stubble reduces moisture evaporation. Decaying organic matter (humus) holds moisture in the soil. In the heat of summer some earthworm species burrow deep into the soil and are inactive until soil moisture returns.
Worms need oxygen to survive so a reasonably aerated soil is essential. This explains why worms aren’t present in anaerobic and heavily waterlogged soils.
It is difficult for earthworms to move through heavily compacted soil
Microbes and earthworms play an important role in the soil ecosystem sometimes referred to as the soil food web. This soil food wed consists of both small and large organisms with the smallest being the microscopic bacteria and fungi that are attracted to the plant exudates and consume organic matter, nitrogen, and nutrients.
These organisms hold the nutrients in their body, and when they die they become slow release fertilisers for the plants. They also are food for the second level of organisms that exist in the soil, such as nematodes and protozoa. These organisms are then fed upon by millipedes and earthworms and other organisms. The soil ecosystem has a huge amount of biodiversity.
Vermicomposting of all organic "wastes" and addition of this organic matter, preferably as a surface mulch , on a regular basis will provide earthworms with their food and nutrient requirements, and will create the optimum conditions of temperature and moisture that will naturally stimulate their activity.
Fresh earthworm casts are five times richer in available nitrogen, seven times richer in available phosphates, and 11 times richer in available potassium than the surrounding upper 6 inches of soil. In conditions where humus is plentiful, the weight of casts produced may be greater than 4.5 kg per worm per year..
Earthworms promote the formation of nutrient-rich casts (globules of soil, stable in soil [mucus] that have high soil aggregation and soil fertility and quality.
Earthworms accelerate nutrient cycling in the soil-plant system through fragmentation and mixing of plant debris – physical grinding & chemical digestion.. The average earthworm consumes, digests and recycles 36 tons of soil in a single year.
The type of soil you have determines the number of earthworms present in a single acre of land. That number, however, ranges between a few hundred to a million or more. These helpful organisms break organic matter down, making it more readily available for uptake by plants.
Shallow-dwelling earthworms have the biggest effect on topsoil. As these worms tunnel through the soil, they open pathways for the movement of air and water. Therefore, shallow-dwelling earthworms improve the structure of topsoil by allowing water and air to pass through, which also supports the life and vigor of plants.
This is especially important in areas where soil has been overused and compacted due to urbanization or heavy agriculture. Shallow-dwelling earthworms usually recycle organic matter from the lower portions of the topsoil layer.
Earthworms through their burrowing activity, earthworms aerate the soil by creating spaces which can help to store air and water and reduce flooding.
KERALA GETS FLOODED EASILY BECAUSE OF LACK OF EARTHWORMS IN THE SOIL.
Soils actually store carbon in the form of decaying organic material. Soils are the biggest reservoir of carbon on the planet, second only to the oceans. With soils being able to hold four times more carbon than all the plants and trees in the world, earthworms can play a vital role in carbon storage.
Through their actions, earthworms consume and store tiny fragments of dead plants, microorganisms and animals that live within the soil, locking away carbon. This can help to reduce levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Earthworms are like the miner’s canary, indicating a problem with the underground world. They are sensitive to pH, water-logging, compaction, rotations, tillage and responsive to applications of organic matter.
Earthworms are vital for healthy soils through their role in nutrient cycling. They incorporate organic material into the soil through their tissues and the mucus they secrete encourages microbial activity. Additionally their burrows improve drainage and aeration of the soil.
These elements create a strong soil structure that allows water to permeate to the plant roots. their role in nutrient cycling as they incorporate organic material into the soil through their tissues. Additionally, the mucus they secrete encourages microbial activity and their burrows improve drainage and aeration of the soil.
Earthworms have chemoreceptors and sensory turbercles and present a high sensitivity to chemicals in the soil.
There are three main categories of earthworm and each has a different role:-
Surface – Epigeic earthworms help to break down surface organic matter and are an important food source for native birds. They are usually small, and bright red or reddish-brown, and are vulnerable to conventional tillage.
Topsoil – Endogeic earthworms mix the organic and mineral components together in the topsoil and have a pale colour of pink, grey, green or blue. These earthworms are important for soil aggregation and nutrient mobilisation for plants.
Deep burrowing worms – Anecic earthworms such as Lumbricus terrestris play important roles for forming deep (up to 2m) vertical burrows supporting water movement and root penetration. They are large earthworms, and vulnerable to conventional tillage. The deep-dwelling anecic class can reach several feet beneath the surface. They too feed on leaf litter, but anecic worms pull whole leaves down into their burrows where they feed at their leisure.
As far as animals go, the earthworm is pretty no-frills. It's essentially an eating (and defecating) machine. A mouth at the front end of the earthworm leads to what amounts to a long tube where the organic matter and dirt from the worm's diet pass through until it exits the other end.
Along the way, organic matter is pushed into the crop, where food is stored, and then into a gizzard, where tiny pebbles previously eaten by the worm are used to grind food for further digestion. The intestinal walls of the worm are lined with blood vessels that are effused with blood by one of the aortic arches, the earthworm's five hearts.
The vessels absorb and distribute nutrients from the food. On its way out, microbes living in the worm may attach to the dirt and remaining organic material, and the entire package is deposited as worm feces, called castings. These castings may be deposited within the dirt or in tiny, cone-shaped piles with a hollow center on the surface of the ground.
In addition to having five hearts, the earthworm has some other interesting anatomical features. Breathing through its skin is one. An earthworm lacks any kind of lungs, but like any other aerobic organism, it still needs oxygen to carry out essential processes and to rid itself of carbon dioxide that builds up as waste.
Instead of inhaling and exhaling like us, the exchange of these gases in and out of the earthworm takes place passively through the skin. An earthworm can even survive submerged in water if it contains enough available oxygen.
For this breathing to occur, an earthworm's skin must always be moist. This need is generally assured by the mucus the worm excretes naturally through its skin. But earthworm slime is no match for hot, dry air.
Without enough moisture at the skin, the gas exchange can't occur and the worm can't breathe. If you've ever seen a dead, desiccated earthworm curled up on a sidewalk on a warm day, you've likely met an earthworm that suffocated to death.
Because this need to avoid heat necessitates staying out of the sun, earthworms have evolved a means of determining if the sun's out. This leads us to yet another interesting earthworm fact: They don't have eyes but they can detect light.
Specialized photosensitive cells on the earthworm's skin convert light into electrical impulses that the worm senses and reacts to, moving back below ground or under the cover of plant matter.
CRITICAL COMMENT FOR FUTURE OF THIS PLANET ----
https://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2019/03/india-must-revert-to-organic.html
MOST IMPORTANT -- THE ABOVE VALUABLE POST HAS BEEN WRITTEN FOR THE PERSONAL ATTENTION OF PM NARENDRA MODI…
IN FUTURE MAN WILL HAVE TO DERIVE ANTI-BIOTICS FROM ORGANIC HUMUS LADEN SOIL..
THIS WAS THE REASON KERALA HAS SNAKE GROVES WITH 8 FEET DEEP HUMUS LADEN SOIL.. AYURVEDA PREPARED SOIL BASED PRO-BIOTICS.. SNAKE GROVE HERBS WERE EATEN WITHOUT WASHING..
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2012/07/king-cobra-and-snake-temples-of-kerala.html
WESTERN MODERN ANTIBIOTICS HAVE MADE BACTERIA INCREASINGLY RESISTANT..
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2013/08/probiotics-prebiotics-friendly-gut.html
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2017/03/ibs-irritable-bowel-syndrome-vagus_14.html
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2017/04/small-intestinal-bacterial-overgrowth.html
https://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2019/03/india-must-revert-to-organic.html
MOST IMPORTANT -- THE ABOVE VALUABLE POST HAS BEEN WRITTEN FOR THE PERSONAL ATTENTION OF PM NARENDRA MODI…
IN FUTURE MAN WILL HAVE TO DERIVE ANTI-BIOTICS FROM ORGANIC HUMUS LADEN SOIL..
THIS WAS THE REASON KERALA HAS SNAKE GROVES WITH 8 FEET DEEP HUMUS LADEN SOIL.. AYURVEDA PREPARED SOIL BASED PRO-BIOTICS.. SNAKE GROVE HERBS WERE EATEN WITHOUT WASHING..
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2012/07/king-cobra-and-snake-temples-of-kerala.html
WESTERN MODERN ANTIBIOTICS HAVE MADE BACTERIA INCREASINGLY RESISTANT..
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2013/08/probiotics-prebiotics-friendly-gut.html
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2017/03/ibs-irritable-bowel-syndrome-vagus_14.html
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2017/04/small-intestinal-bacterial-overgrowth.html
IF GANDHI HAS KNOWN ALL THIS THERE WAS NO NEED FOR HIS ENDLESS EXPERIMENTS WITH TRUTH—INVOLVING TWO UNDERAGE NAKED GIRLS, AN ENEMA KIT AND A PETRI-BOWL FOR MIXING FECES…
CAESARIAN BIRTHS AND IVF BABIES HAVE MADE THE SITUATION WORSE… THIS IS ADDED TO WOMEN WHO DO NOT LACTATE AS THEY HAVE POLLUTED THEIR BODIES AND MINDS..
THIS IS PART OF THE 6200 YEAR OLD CHARAKA SAMHITA, A TREATISE ON AYURVEDA..
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2011/02/fathers-of-surgery-and-medicine-4200-bc.html
CHARAKA SAMHITA ALSO USED NANO-SILVER AND NANO-GOLD AS ANTIBIOTICS.
NANO GOLD CAME FROM HUMPED COW URINE.. HUMPED VEDIC COW HAS SURYA NADI..
NANO GOLD BUSTS THE OUTER ARMOUR OF VIRUSES.
AS A SMALL BABY I WAS GIVEN NANO GOLD ( BY RUBBING ACTUAL GOLD TO PRODUCE COLLOIDS ON A SPECIAL CERAMIC STONE ) WITH FRESH HONEY AND “VAYAMBU” TO BE LICKED OFF A PEEPAL TREE LEAF AS A PREVENTIVE ..
MY ANCESTORS HAD IT THE SAME WAY.. THIS CONCOCTION INVADES THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER..
EVEN TODAY WHEN WE EAT TOO MUCH OF MILK BASES SWEETS , WE IN INDIA HAVE SILVER COLLOIDS.. MILK PEDAS ARE COVERED WITH A SHEET OF SILVER EVEN TODAY..
SILVER AND GOLD COLLOIDS HAVE NO SIDE EFFECTS.. THEY SELECTIVELY ATTACK HARMFUL BACTERIA BASED ON ELECTRIC CHARGE..
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2010/12/blue-avatar-and-viagra-capt-ajit.html
Simply put, the human body is an ecosystem, host to trillions of microorganisms including bacteria, archaea, viruses, yeasts, fungi, and parasites known collectively as our microbiota.
Exposure to microbes MUST begin at birth … Those born vaginally have decreased rates of asthma, allergies, and celiac disease, related to the microbes they were seeded with..
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2016/10/epidurals-when-chutney-mary-fails-her.html
While we inherit more than 22,000 genes from our parents, the bacteria that exist in and on our bodies sustain at least eight million bacterial genes, a whopping 360 times more bacterial genes than human genes.
The genetic material from bacteria that populate the human body is known as the human microbiome.
Through the course of our lives, we pick up “hitchhikers”, bacteria from food, water, and various components of our environment. Modern scientists estimate that we each carry 100 trillion bacteria in our intestinal tract alone!
BROAD SPECTRUM ANTI-BIOTICS DECIMATE THE MICROBES IN THE GUT.. THIS MAKES MAN AN ASSHOLE WHO CANT THINK CLEARLY ..
ARTIFICIAL CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS AND PESTICIDES DECIMATE THE MICROBES IN THE TOP SOIL..
Capt ajit vadakayil
..
SOMEBODY ASKED ME..
WHAT IS WITH GANDHI BEATING UP HIS WIFE BECAUSE SHE REFUSED TO EMPTY THE CHAMBER POT CONTAINING THE SHIT OF HER HUSBAND AND TWO NAKED UNDERAGE GIRLS WHO SLEPT UNDER THE SAME BLANKET ..
The absence of these microbes is an important contributor to the development of allergies and some autoimmune disorders. Adding certain microbes to our internal ecosystem can help in the treatment of these problems as well as in treating some forms of autism.
Probiotics don’t always colonize the gut and could even slow down recovery of the gut microbiome after antibiotics
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2013/08/probiotics-prebiotics-friendly-gut.html
An altered gut microbiome is associated with a number of different chronic diseases, including , diabetes, metabolic syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), skin conditions, anxiety, depression, and multiple sclerosis, to name a few.
70% of physicians regularly prescribe probiotics to their patients.. Probiotics are widely used and prescribed during or after antibiotics, with the idea that flooding the system with good bacteria can help prevent the adverse effects of antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis
The gut can be divided into the upper GI tract (small intestine) and the lower GI tract (large intestine, or colon). It can also be divided cross-sectionally into the gut lumen and the gut mucosa. If you think of the gut as a hollow tube, the lumen is the innermost (center) part of the tube, while the mucosa is like a sticky gel-like substance coating the wall of the tube.
So we can think of the G.I. tract as a hollow tube, and all the inside walls of that tube are coated with this thick, protective gel. And so in this analogy, the gel represents the gut mucus layer, and the very inner center of that tube represents the gut lumen. And each of these regions has a distinct community of microbes, but these are rarely studied because these regions are rather inaccessible unless you undergo invasive endoscopy.
The human microbiome can take many months to recover from a single course of broad-spectrum antibiotics, and even then, recovery may be incomplete. Antibiotic exposure, especially during the early years of life, is associated with an increased risk of developing allergies, asthma, autoimmunity, obesity, IBD, and skin conditions. A mass extinction, is caused by broad-spectrum antibiotics, which significantly alter community dynamics
In reality treating the gut with probiotics actually delayed the normal recovery process of the gut microbiome. Most probiotic products today are developed with Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, and other lactic acid bacteria, such as Lactococci and Streptococci who prevent microbiota recovery..
Ancient Ayurveda used nano silver and nano gold to selectively and intelligently target harmful bacteria and viruses –based on electric charge ..
People who take high doses of antibiotics tend to lose many of their normal gut bacteria, allowing a naturally antibiotic-resistant species called Clostridium difficile to overgrow and cause severe gastric problems, especially chronic diarrhea.
CONTINUED TO 2--
WHAT IS WITH GANDHI BEATING UP HIS WIFE BECAUSE SHE REFUSED TO EMPTY THE CHAMBER POT CONTAINING THE SHIT OF HER HUSBAND AND TWO NAKED UNDERAGE GIRLS WHO SLEPT UNDER THE SAME BLANKET ..
The absence of these microbes is an important contributor to the development of allergies and some autoimmune disorders. Adding certain microbes to our internal ecosystem can help in the treatment of these problems as well as in treating some forms of autism.
Probiotics don’t always colonize the gut and could even slow down recovery of the gut microbiome after antibiotics
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2013/08/probiotics-prebiotics-friendly-gut.html
An altered gut microbiome is associated with a number of different chronic diseases, including , diabetes, metabolic syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), skin conditions, anxiety, depression, and multiple sclerosis, to name a few.
70% of physicians regularly prescribe probiotics to their patients.. Probiotics are widely used and prescribed during or after antibiotics, with the idea that flooding the system with good bacteria can help prevent the adverse effects of antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis
The gut can be divided into the upper GI tract (small intestine) and the lower GI tract (large intestine, or colon). It can also be divided cross-sectionally into the gut lumen and the gut mucosa. If you think of the gut as a hollow tube, the lumen is the innermost (center) part of the tube, while the mucosa is like a sticky gel-like substance coating the wall of the tube.
So we can think of the G.I. tract as a hollow tube, and all the inside walls of that tube are coated with this thick, protective gel. And so in this analogy, the gel represents the gut mucus layer, and the very inner center of that tube represents the gut lumen. And each of these regions has a distinct community of microbes, but these are rarely studied because these regions are rather inaccessible unless you undergo invasive endoscopy.
The human microbiome can take many months to recover from a single course of broad-spectrum antibiotics, and even then, recovery may be incomplete. Antibiotic exposure, especially during the early years of life, is associated with an increased risk of developing allergies, asthma, autoimmunity, obesity, IBD, and skin conditions. A mass extinction, is caused by broad-spectrum antibiotics, which significantly alter community dynamics
In reality treating the gut with probiotics actually delayed the normal recovery process of the gut microbiome. Most probiotic products today are developed with Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, and other lactic acid bacteria, such as Lactococci and Streptococci who prevent microbiota recovery..
Ancient Ayurveda used nano silver and nano gold to selectively and intelligently target harmful bacteria and viruses –based on electric charge ..
People who take high doses of antibiotics tend to lose many of their normal gut bacteria, allowing a naturally antibiotic-resistant species called Clostridium difficile to overgrow and cause severe gastric problems, especially chronic diarrhea.
CONTINUED TO 2--
Plant nutrient
availability is affected by soil pH, which is a measure of the hydrogen ion
activity in the soil solution. Soil pH is a function of many soil forming
factors, and is generally lower (more acid) where weathering is more advanced.
Microbial activity in
soils may release nutrients from minerals or organic matter for use by plants
and other microorganisms, sequester (incorporate) them into living cells, or
cause their loss from the soil by volatilisation (loss to the atmosphere as
gases) or leaching.
Soil formation, or pedogenesis,
is the combined effect of physical, chemical, biological and anthropogenic
processes working on soil parent material. Soil is said to be formed when
organic matter has accumulated and colloids are washed downward, leaving
deposits of clay, humus, iron oxide, carbonate, and gypsum, producing a
distinct layer called the B horizon.
This is a somewhat
arbitrary definition as mixtures of sand, silt, clay and humus will support
biological and agricultural activity before that time. These constituents are
moved from one level to another by water and animal activity. As a result,
layers (horizons) form in the soil profile. The alteration and movement of
materials within a soil causes the formation of distinctive soil horizons.
A soil horizon is a
layer parallel to the soil surface, whose physical, chemical and biological
characteristics differ from the layers above and beneath. The uppermost soil layer (not including
surface litter) is termed the A horizon.
This is a weathered layer that contains an accumulation of humus (decomposed, dark-coloured, carbon-rich matter) and microbial biomass that is mixed with small-grained minerals to form aggregate structures.
This is a weathered layer that contains an accumulation of humus (decomposed, dark-coloured, carbon-rich matter) and microbial biomass that is mixed with small-grained minerals to form aggregate structures.
Below A lies the B horizon. In mature soils
this layer is characterized by an accumulation of clay (small particles less
than 0.002 mm in diameter) that has either been deposited out of percolating
waters or precipitated by chemical processes involving dissolved products of
weathering.
Clay endows B horizons with an array of diverse structural features (blocks, columns, and prisms) formed from small clay particles that can be linked together in various configurations as the horizon evolves.
Clay endows B horizons with an array of diverse structural features (blocks, columns, and prisms) formed from small clay particles that can be linked together in various configurations as the horizon evolves.
Below the A and B
horizons is the C horizon, a zone of little or no humus accumulation or soil
structure development. The C horizon often is composed of unconsolidated parent
material from which the A and B horizons have formed. It lacks the
characteristic features of the A and B horizons and may be either relatively
unweathered or deeply weathered. At some depth below the A, B, and C horizons
lies consolidated rock, which makes up the R horizon.
During the humification
process, microbes secrete sticky gum-like mucilages; these contribute to the
crumb structure (tilth) of the soil by holding particles together, and allowing
greater aeration of the soil.
The world has woken up
to the fact that the chemical fertilizers and pesticides not only have adverse
effects on soil but also are harmful for human health.
How your food is grown
or raised can have a major impact on your mental and emotional health as well
as the environment. Organic foods often have more beneficial nutrients, such as
antioxidants, than their conventionally-grown counterparts and people with
allergies to foods, chemicals, or preservatives often find their symptoms
lessen or go away when they eat only organic foods.
Pesticides are chemical
preparations used to kill fungal or animal pests. Over 98.5% of sprayed
insecticides and 96% of herbicides reach a destination other than their target
species, because they are sprayed or spread across entire agricultural fields.
Runoff
carry pesticides into aquatic
environments while wind can carry them to other fields, grazing areas, human
settlements and undeveloped areas, potentially affecting other species. Over
time, repeated application increases pest resistance, while its effects on
other species can facilitate the pest's resurgence.
The extensive use of
pesticides in agricultural production degrade and damage the community of
microorganisms living in the soil.. Many of the chemicals
used in pesticides are persistent soil contaminants, whose impact endure for decades and adversely affect soil
conservation.. The use of pesticides decreases the general biodiversity in the
soil. Not using the chemicals results in higher soil quality.
LOSS OF ORGANIC MATTER
AND MICROBES IN THE TOP SOIL PREVENTS THE APPLIED TOXIC CHEMICALS FROM BREAKING
DOWN..
MORE ORGANIC MATTER IN
THE SOIL ALLOWS FOR HIGHER WATER RETENTION.
DON’T EVER THINK THAT
ALL WATER IN THE GANGES DOWNRIVER IS MELTED HIMALAYAN ICE.. THIS WATER HAS
LEACHED FROM THE SOIL ON EITHER SIDE OF THE RIVER BANKS..
RAPE OF SOIL BY CHENICAL FERTILISERS AND
PESTICIDES CAUSES SEVERE LOSS OF WATER HOLDING CAPACITY..
Degradation and
sorption are both factors which influence the persistence of pesticides in
soil. Depending on the chemical nature of the pesticide, such processes control
directly the transportation from soil to water, and in turn to air and our
food. Breaking down organic substances, degradation, involves interactions
among microorganisms in the soil.
Sorption affects bioaccumulation of
pesticides which are dependent on organic matter in the soil. Weak organic acids
are weakly sorbed by soil, because of pH and mostly acidic structure. Sorbed
chemicals become less accessible to microorganisms.
Aging mechanisms are poorly
understood but as residence times in soil increase, pesticide residues become
more resistant to degradation and extraction as they lose biological activity
Nitrogen fixation,
which is required for the growth of higher plants, is hindered by pesticides in
soil. The insecticides interfere with legume-rhizobium chemical
signaling
Reduction of this
symbiotic chemical signaling results in reduced nitrogen fixation and thus
reduced crop yields. Root nodule
formation in these plants saves the world economy 14 billion USD in synthetic
nitrogen fertilizer every year
Symbiotic nitrogen
fixation occurs in plants that harbor nitrogen-fixing bacteria within their
tissues. The best-studied example is the association between legumes and
bacteria in the genus Rhizobium. ... A symbiotic relationship in which both
partners benefits is called mutualism.
Even the agriculture
scientists agree with the view that regular use of chemical fertilizers leads
to a situation when land ultimately becomes unproductive and barren because of
destruction of microbes.
Pesticides kill bees
and are strongly implicated in pollinator decline, the loss of species that
pollinate plants, including through the mechanism of Colony Collapse Disorder,
in which worker bees from a beehive or western honey bee colony abruptly
disappear. Application of pesticides to crops that are in bloom kill honeybees
which act as pollinators.
Pesticides have direct
harmful effect on plant including poor root hair development, shoot yellowing
and reduced plant growth..
Pesticides can
eliminate some animals' essential food sources, causing the animals to
relocate, change their diet or starve. Residues can travel up the food chain;
for example, birds can be harmed when they eat insects and worms that have
consumed pesticides.
Earthworms digest
organic matter and increase nutrient content in the top layer of soil. They
protect human health by ingesting decomposing litter and serving as
bioindicators of soil activity. Pesticides have had harmful effects on growth
and reproduction on earthworms.
Some
pesticides can bioaccumulate, or build up to toxic levels in the bodies of
organisms that consume them over time, a phenomenon that impacts species high
on the food chain especially hard.
Studies have revealed that
72 million birds are killed by pesticides in the United States alone each year.
Fish and other aquatic
biota are harmed by pesticide-contaminated water. Pesticide
surface runoff into rivers and streams are highly lethal to aquatic life,
sometimes killing all the fish in a particular stream..
Application of
herbicides to bodies of water cause fish kills when the dead plants decay and
consume the water's oxygen, suffocating the fish. Herbicides such as copper
sulfite that are applied to water to kill plants are toxic to fish and other
water animals at concentrations similar to those used to kill the plants.
Repeated exposure to sublethal doses of some pesticides cause physiological and
behavioral changes that reduce fish populations, such as abandonment of nests
and broods, decreased immunity to disease and decreased predator avoidance
Application of
herbicides to bodies of water kill plants on which fish depend for their
habitat.
Pesticides accumulate in bodies of water to levels that
kill off zooplankton, the main source of food for young fish. Pesticides also
kill off insects on which some fish feed, causing the fish to travel farther in
search of food and exposing them to greater risk from predators.
Pesticides enter the body through inhalation of aerosols,
dust and vapor that contain pesticides; through oral exposure by consuming
food/water; and through skin exposure by direct contact. Pesticides secrete into soils and groundwater
which can end up in drinking water, and pesticide spray can drift and pollute
the air.
Persistent,
bioaccumulative and toxic substances (PBTs) are a class of compounds that have
high resistance to degradation from abiotic and biotic factors, high mobility
in the environment and high toxicity. Because of these factors PBTs have been
observed to have a high order of bioaccumulation and biomagnification, very
long retention times in various media..
PBTs have a high environmental mobility relative to
other contaminants mainly due to their resistance to degradation (persistence).
This allows PBTs to travel far and wide in both the atmosphere and in aqueous
environments.
The low degradation rates of PBTs allow these chemicals to be
exposed to both biotic and abiotic factors while maintaining a relatively
stable concentration. Another factor that makes PBTs especially dangerous are
the degradation products which are often relatively as toxic as the parent compound.
The bioaccumulative
ability of PBTs follows suit with the persistence attribute by the high
resistance to degradation by biotic factors, especially with in organisms.
Bioaccumulation is the result of a toxic substance being taken up at a higher
rate than being removed from an organism.
For PBTs this is caused mainly by a
resistance to degradation, biotic and abiotic. PBTs usually are highly
insoluble in water which allows them to enter organisms at faster rates through
fats and other nonpolar regions on an organism.
Bioaccumulation of a toxicant lead
to biomagnification through a trophic web which has resulted in massive concern
in areas with especially low trophic diversity. Biomagnification results in
higher trophic organisms accumulating more PBTs than those of lower trophic
levels through consumption of the PBT contaminated lower trophic organisms
Soil microorganisms do
much more than nourish plants. Just as the microbes in the human body both aid
digestion and maintain our immune system, soil microorganisms both digest
nutrients and protect plants against pathogens and other threats.
The microbial community
in the soil, like in the human biome, provides “invasion resistance” services
to its symbiotic partner. We disturb this association at our peril . The alarming increase in autoimmune diseases
in the West owe to a disruption in the ancient relationship between our bodies
and their ‘old friends’ — the microbial symbionts with whom we coevolved.
Not only do soil
microorganisms nourish and protect plants, they play a crucial role in
providing many “ecosystem services” that are absolutely critical to human
survival. The living soil is the
Earth’s most valuable ecosystem, providing ecological services such as climate
regulation, mitigation of drought and floods, soil erosion prevention, and
water filtration, worth trillions of dollars each year.
Even soil microbes need
carbon to flourish, which is why slow and steady carbon depletion from our
soils will inevitably lead to ecological collapse. Deprived of carbon and critical microbes,
soils become sterile, devoid of the microbial ecosystem.
Plants draw CO2 out of
the atmosphere and into the ground through the process of photosynthesis, and
this is a far more efficient method than any carbon-reduction scheme man has
been able to come up with.
The plants convert this CO2 into a carbon fuel used
to stimulate and promote their own growth. Up to 42% of that carbon fuel also
goes to the roots of the plant, where it’s leaked out into the soil.
Nutrient cycling is the
exchange of nutrients between the living and nonliving parts of the ecosystem.
Microorganisms are
responsible for the degradation of organic matter, which controls the release
of plant nutrients, but is also important for the maintenance of soil structure
and sustainability of soil quality for plant growth.
Microbial activity in soil
is also responsible for carbon losses to the atmosphere through respiration and
methanogenesis, and microorganisms are required for remediation, through
degradation of organic pollutants and immobilisation of heavy metals, providing
obvious examples of improving soil quality.
Thus all microbiological activity
in soil contributes to cycling of nutrients and other ecosystem functions and
all soil functions contribute to ecosystem services. Nutrient cycling
can be assessed by measuring the following indicators:
Fertility Indicators
including mineral nitrogen, potentially mineralizable nitrogen, soil nitrate,
soil test phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium, magnesium, boron, and zinc
Organic Matter
Indicators including C:N ratio, decomposition, microbial biomass carbon,
particulate organic matter, soil enzymes, soil organic matter, total organic
carbon and total organic matter
Soil Reaction
Indicators including soil pH
Soil is the major
"switching yard" for the global cycles of carbon, water, and
nutrients. Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and many other nutrients are stored,
transformed, and cycled through soil.
Decomposition
by soil organisms is at the center of the transformation and cycling of
nutrients through the environment.
Decomposition liberates carbon and nutrients
from the complex material making up life forms-putting them back into
biological circulation so they are available to plants and other organisms.
Decomposition also degrades compounds in soil that would be pollutants if they
entered ground or surface water.
Decomposition is a
stepwise process involving virtually all soil organisms. Arthropods and
earthworms chew the material and mix it with soil. A few fungi may break apart
one complex compound into simpler components, then bacteria can attack the
newly created compounds, and so on. Each organism gets energy or nutrients from
the process.
Usually, but not always, compounds become simpler after each step.
The portion of plant and animal residue that is not broken down plays a crucial
role in soil. It is transformed into the highly complex organic compounds
called humic substances that can persist in soil for centuries and are
important to soil structure and nutrient storage.
More carbon is stored in soil than
in the atmosphere and above-ground biomass combined. Soil carbon is in the form
of organic compounds originally created through photosynthesis in which plants
convert atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) into plant matter made of organic
carbon compounds, such as carbohydrates, proteins, oils, and fibers.
The
organic compounds enter the soil system when plants and animals die and leave
their residue in or on the soil. Immediately, soil organisms begin consuming
the organic matter, extracting energy and nutrients and releasing water, heat,
and CO2 back to the atmosphere. Thus, if no new plant residue is added to the
soil, soil organic matter will gradually disappear.
If plant residue is added
to the soil at a faster rate than soil organisms convert it to CO2, carbon will
gradually be removed from the atmosphere and stored (sequestered) in the soil.
Cultivation aerates the soil, triggering increased biological activity, and
therefore rapid decomposition, loss of soil organic matter, and release of CO2
into the atmosphere..
The
annual loading with artificial fertilisers is nowmore than 10.1 million tonnes of
phosphorus and 62 million tonnes of
nitrogen per year. Typically, if the local plant community cannot take up the
added nutrient load, the nutrients move through groundwater, ditches, and
streams into lakes and oceans.
Throughout
the world, lakes and marine shorelines become “over-productive” (eutrophic)
where a few plant or bacteria species feast on the nutrients and choke out
other lifeforms. Eutrophication can create dead zones and putrid lakes.
Fish
and amphibians can die out, leaving festering swamps. In just 55 years of the
advent of the desh drohi GREEN
REVOLUTION 90% : of our lakes and water bodies are. When algae blooms die off,
they deplete oxygen, killing other organisms.
NGT , Environment Ministry and
our Think Tanks are packed with people who have shit for brains.
The disruption
of Earth’s nutrient cycles remains MORE urgent than global heating and
biodiversity loss.
“Human alteration of
the global nitrogen cycle,” showed that human disruption of the nitrogen cycle
has:---
Doubled the rate of nitrogen input into
terrestrial ecosystems
Increased the greenhouse gas N2O globally,
contributing to photochemical smog
Depleted calcium and potassium in soils,
undermining long‐term
soil fertility
Contributed to acidification of soils,
streams, and lakes
Increased the eutrophication of lakes, rivers,
estuaries, and coastal oceans
Diminished biological diversity
Reduced coastal marine fisheries
We can reverse the
trend of increasing marine dead zones and eutrophic lakes. To achieve this,
however, we must accept the evidence that nature’s bounty comes with limits
Miner microbes make a
kind of “bacterial goo” – scientifically called an “exudate”. The goo has a
special pH and other key characteristics specially formulated to bind and
extract nutrients like phosphorus, calcium, and potassium. All of these
minerals are needed for healthy plants and good crop yields.
A specific group of these
“mining” microorganisms is called mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhizal fungi form
special symbiotic relationships with plant roots. They connect with plant roots
to provide access to the freshly-released nutrients. In return, the plant roots
provide the fungi with tasty, energy-rich carbon that the fungi use for growth
in an otherwise desolate area of the soil environment.
The final type of
microbes are the “refiners.” Refiner microbes, a class of bacteria called
Rhizobia, are able to take nitrogen from the air and process it into a form
usable by the plant. These “nitrogen-fixing” bacteria take inert nitrogen gas
in the atmosphere (N2 gas) and convert it to the plant-available ammonia and
other nitrogen-rich organic compounds.
Generally, refiners
only live in special root formations called “nodules” of legume plants.
Peanuts, alfalfa, clover, beans, and lentils, are all legumes. They can all
form this symbiotic relationships with Rhizobia.
The legumes house the Rhizobia
and provide them with energy-rich compounds for food. Due to this special
symbiotic relationship, legumes make for great cover-crops in agricultural
settings.
The dead tissues of legumes (re-introduced to the soil for future
plant use by the recyclers!) are nitrogen-rich. This nitrogen-rich plant
material can provide nitrogen to the next planted crop. This means that the
farmer is not required to spend as much time, money, and energy applying
nitrogen fertilizers.
A mulch is usually, organic in nature.
Mulch is a material
placed on the soil surface to maintain moisture, reduce weed growth, mitigate
soil erosion and improve soil conditions. Mulching (installing mulches) can
help to improve crop yield and optimise water use. Typical
materials for organic mulching are straw, leaves, cut grass, wood chips, peat,
cut branches or the left over of old harvested crops and various types of
compost
The microbes that work
in the recycling role use the organic carbon in the organic matter as an energy
source (food). Recycling frees up nutrients like nitrogen, potassium, and
phosphorus that are important to plant health. The importance of these
recycling microbes cannot be overstated; they turn the world’s refuse into the
building blocks of life. The maintenance of plant-life would be nearly
impossible without these hard-working organisms.
Soil biologists measure
how plants and microbes absorb nutrients, and incorporate them into organic
matter, which is the basis for the carbon cycle. There are two main processes.
Immobilization is when soil organisms take up mineral nutrients from the soil
and transform them into microbial and plant tissues. Immobilization in soil
science is the conversion of inorganic compounds to organic compounds by
micro-organisms or plants, by which it is prevented from being accessible to
plants
The opposite process is
mineralization, which is what happens when organism die and release nutrients
from their tissues. This process is rapidly changing, and very important in
providing nutrients for plants to grow. The carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle are
both very important to soil microbiologists.
Mineralization
increases the bioavailability of the nutrients that were in the decomposing
organic compounds, most notably, because of their quantities, nitrogen,
phosphorus, and sulphur. Whether the decomposition of an organic compound will
result in mineralization or immobilization is dependent on its concentration
proportionate to that of the carbon in the organic matter. If the concentration
of a specific element exceeds the needs of the decomposer for biosynthesis or
storage then it will mineralize.
Whether nitrogen
mineralizes or immobilizes depends on the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C:N ratio)
of the decomposing organic matter. In general organic matter contacting soil has
too little nitrogen to support the biosynthetic needs of the decomposing soil
microbial population.
If the C:N ratio of the decomposing organic matter is
above circa 30:1 then the decomposing microbes may absorb nitrogen in mineral
form as, e. g., ammonium or nitrates. This mineral nitrogen is said to be
immobilized. This may reduce the concentration of inorganic nitrogen in the
soil and thus the nitrogen available to plants.
As carbon dioxide is
released during the generation of energy in decomposition, a process
denominated "catabolism", the C:N ratio of the organic matter
decreases. When the C:N ratio is less than circa 25:1, further decomposition
causes mineralization by the simultaneous release of inorganic nitrogen as
ammonium.
When the decomposition of organic matter is complete, the mineralized
nitrogen therefrom adds to that already present in the soil, and therefore
increases the total mineral nitrogen in the soil.
Plant roots leak a lot
of organic substances into the soil from dead materials. These provide food for
the microorganisms, and create zones of activity around the root called the
rhizosphere. In this zone, plant growth or toxic substances can be produced,
but most of these organisms are benefical.
Bacteria are organisms that have only one cell
and are, therefore, microscopic. There are anywhere from 100 million to one
billion bacteria in just a teaspoon of moist, fertile soil. They are
decomposers, eating dead plant material and organic waste.
By doing this, the
bacteria release nutrients that other organisms could not access. The bacteria
do this by changing the nutrients from inaccessible to usable forms. The
process is essential in the nitrogen cycle.
We can see that healthy
soils contain enormous numbers of microbes and substantial quantities of
microbial biomass. This translates into an enormous potential for microbial
activity when soil conditions (available carbon sources, moisture, aeration,
temperature, acidity/alkalinity and available inorganic nutrients, such as
nitrogen), are favourable.
The potential for activity must be stressed because,
under normal situations, the microbial population does not receive a constant
supply of readily-available substrates to sustain prolonged high rates of growth.
Almost all soil
organisms (except some bacteria) need the same things that we need to live:
food, water and oxygen. They eat a carbon-based food source, which provides all
their nutrients, including nitrogen and phosphorus.
They require a moist habitat,
with access to oxygen in the air spaces in soil. These reasons explain why 75
per cent of soil organisms are found in the top five centimetres of soil. It
also explains, however, why many of our agricultural soil microorganism
populations are deplete
Bacteria work to
accelerate the breakdown of organic matter into inorganic material. This
process is called nutrient recycling. Microorganisms are excellent recyclers of
soil nutrients and minerals for improved plant uptake.
A majority of nutrients
are present in the soil in an insoluble form, unavailable for plant use.
Microbes are the only organisms on earth that are able to convert them into
plant useable forms for improved crop yield and soil health.
Generally, microbes
grow best in soils that have a neutral pH (7.0), a balance of air and water
filled pore space and abundant organic substrates.
Microbes live
throughout the entire season and then start to gradually decline in number
after you have harvested, as there is less sugar in the soil. Most of the
bacteria will become dormant spores,
Over-used and
over-fertilized soils tend to lose their microorganisms. They are also loss due
to , floods, drought and freeze. Soils under these conditions can see up to 99%
loss in their microorganisms which has a major role in the health of your soil
and plants..
Photosynthetic bacteria (called cyanobacteria)
produce 50% of the oxygen we breathe .. Half of the oxygen we
breath is a result of microbes that lived billions of years ago.
The beneficial bacteria
colonize the soil and reside in the small rock pores and structures within the
soil. Once the microbes form colonies,
then they will become part of the overall microbiology profile in the soil. The microbes excel at mineralizing nutrients
from rock forms into plant usable forms
Would a drought affect
or kill the microbes?
Far from it, the
microbes will continue to multiply exponentially. And remain living in both
layers of soil. At the time of drought, it provides support to plants and
rhizosphere with their hormones and water retention capacity.
The bacteria will start multiplying which
breaks down organic matter and transforms it into organic acids. The acids then
start to combine with various matter in the soil including salt. This is known
as chelating.
Chelation is when a coating is formed around
matter such as salt or metals. This coating allows plants to absorb more
nutrients from it while taking in less salt. As the bacteria continues to
multiply and chelate, water starts to penetrate deeper which causes salt to
move downward.
This chain reaction allows water to reach deeper in the soil
while also removing salt from topsoil and moving it deeper into the ground
giving your plants access to more nutrients..
Roots serve many
functions for a plant including anchorage and acquisition of vital nutrients
and water necessary for growth. The plant root-soil interface is a dynamic
region in which numerous biogeochemical processes take place driven by the
physical activity, and the diversity of chemicals released by the plant root
and mediated by soil microorganisms.
In turn the processes occurring in this
region control a host of reactions regulating terrestrial carbon and other
element cycling that sustain plant growth and which have an enormous influence
on plant and microbial community function and structure which greatly influence
a variety of ecosystem level processes
There are two broad
categories of mycorrhizal associations with plant roots, ectomycorrhiza and
endomycorrhiza, which are differentiated by how they physically interface with
the plant
In ectomycorrhizal
association, the fungus forms a mantle or sheath over the surface of fine
lateral roots of the host trees and sends some hyphae into the intercellular
spaces of the outer cortex forming a so-called Hartignet. Arbuscules and
vesicles, characteristically present in endomycorrhizae are absent. The lateral
roots covered by the fungal mantle often assume a swollen or coralloid form.
Ectomycorrhizal fungi
is of great importance in afforestation. In developing pine forests, it is
always ensured that the seedlings are inoculated with soil containing the
appropriate strains of ectomyct rrhizal fungi. Trees with ectomycorrhizal
association are capable of growing better under nutrient-deficient conditions
in comparison to non-mycorrhizal plants, because of their greater ability to
absorb nutrients from soil.
Endomycorrhizal
associations are more common than the ecto-mycorrhizal ones and they are found
in almost all groups of higher plants. The best known endo-mycorrhizae are
those of orchids. It is well- known that under natural conditions, orchids are
unable to grow without association with fungi.
The endomycorrhizal
fungi enter into the root cells and are generally restricted to the cortical
region rarely crossing the endodermis. The vesicular-arbuscular types form
characteristic structures within the cells. After growing for some time in the
cells, these structures degenerate and eventually decompose, thereby providing
nutrition to the host. Thus, in VAM the plant host is directly benefited.
Organic fertilizers do
not contain nutrient-salt complexes but are loaded with organic material that
slowly releases for season long nutrient absorption by crops. The conversion of the organic fertilizer into
plant usable nutrients is facilitated by microorganisms.
Microbes are the only species on earth that
can convert nutrients in the soil into forms that plants can use. No other chemicals or mechanisms are able to
perform the functions of beneficial bacteria.
This is the reason why organic fertilizers and beneficial bacteria are
essential to soil health and crop production.
Bacteria are able to
take carbon atoms from organic compounds and convert them into organic acid
chains. This means that they can take
the carbon atoms from CO2 and link them together into organic acids that plants
can benefit from in the soil. The bacteria decrease CO2 during carbon cycling
and sequestration.
There are thousands of
different types of bacteria, that can both help and harm people. Only 5% of what is
produced by green plants is consumed by animals, but the 95% is consumed by
microorganisms. One gram of fertile soil can contain up to one billion
bacteria.
There are many different types of bacteria, and most of them have not
even been discovered yet! Most of these bacteria are aerobic, meaning that they
require oxygen from the soil atmosphere. However, other bacteria need to live
without oxygen, and other types can live both with, and without oxygen.
The
growth of these bacteria is limited by the food that is available in the soil
Fungi and bacteria
provide the foundation for soil biological ecosystems, and estimates of their
population and structure appear to provide an accurate measure of ecosystem
health and productivity..
Proper balance between
the two groups of microbes is key, with fungal domination of the microbial
community most healthful for soils.
Pant growth is poorly
correlated with soil levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and organic
matter. On the other hand, he found a good correlation between plant growth and
fungal-bacteria ratios in fungal-dominated soils.
Both fungi and bacteria
derive their energy requirements directly from plants – as exudates from plant
roots – or indirectly through consumption of plant-originated organic matter
Up to 10 billion
bacterial cells inhabit each gram of soil in and around plant roots, a region
known as the rhizosphere
Microbes can make
nutrients and minerals in the soil available to plants, produce hormones that
spur growth, stimulate the plant immune system and trigger
Healthy soil can
increase fertility in multiple ways, including supplying nutrients such as
nitrogen and protecting against pests and disease,
The group of bacteria
called rhizobia live inside the roots of legumes and fix nitrogen from the air
into a biologically
These microbes interact
closely with each other, forming complex networks. They communicate with
chemical signals. They work together to break down complex organic materials,
including dead plants and animals.
They often work in teams to complete
biochemical processes, such as transforming nitrogen from an inert gas to
plant-usable forms, and recycling it from dead plant materials back into
dissolved forms.
Rhizobia are
diazotrophic bacteria that fix nitrogen after becoming established inside the
root nodules of legumes (Fabaceae). To express genes for nitrogen fixation,
rhizobia require a plant host; they cannot independently fix nitrogen. In
general, they are gram negative, motile, non-sporulating rods.
Rhizobium organisms in
the soil recognize and invade the root hairs of their specific plant host,
enter the plant tissues, and form a root nodule. This process causes the
bacteria to lose many of their free-living characteristics.
They become
dependent upon the carbon supplied by the plant, and, in exchange for carbon,
they convert nitrogen gas to ammonia, which is used by the plant for its
protein synthesis and growth. In addition, many bacteria can convert nitrate to
amines for purposes of synthesizing cellular materials or to ammonia when
nitrate is used as electron acceptor.
Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrate to
dinitrogen gas. The conversion of ammonia or organic amines to nitrate is
accomplished by the combined activities of the aerobic organisms Nitrosomonas
and Nitrobacter, which use ammonia as an electron donor.
In the carbon cycle,
carbon dioxide is converted into cellular materials by plants and autotrophic
prokaryotes, and organic carbon is returned to the atmosphere by heterotrophic
life-forms. The major breakdown product of microbial decomposition is carbon
dioxide, which is formed by respiring aerobic organisms.
Some micro-organisms
are able to metabolise organic matter and release ammonium in a process called
mineralisation. Others take free ammonium and oxidise it to nitrate.
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are capable of metabolising N2 into the form of
ammonia in a process called nitrogen fixation.
Nitrate may also be lost from
the soil when bacteria metabolise it to the gases N2 and N2O. The loss of
gaseous forms of nitrogen to the atmosphere due to microbial action is called
denitrification.
In the process of
mineralisation, microbes feed on organic matter, releasing ammonia (NH3),
ammonium (NH4+) and other nutrients.
Again, a long as the carbon to nitrogen ratio
(C/N) of fresh residues in the soil is above 30:1, nitrogen will be in short
supply and other bacteria will feed on the ammonium and incorporate its
nitrogen into their cells in the immobilization process.
In that form the
nitrogen is said to be immobilised. Later, when such bacteria die, they too are
mineralised and some of the nitrogen is released as ammonium and nitrate. If
the C/N is less than 15, ammonia is freed to the soil, where it may be used by
bacteria which oxidise it to nitrate (nitrification).
At any given time, 95
to 99 percent of the potentially available nitrogen in the soil is in organic
forms, either in plant and animal residues, in the relatively stable soil
organic matter, or in living soil organisms, mainly microbes such as bacteria.
This nitrogen is not directly available to plants, but some can be converted to
available forms by microorganisms. A very small amount of organic nitrogen may
exist in soluble organic compounds, such as urea, that may be slightly
available to plants.
.Soil C results both
directly from growth and death of plant roots, as well as indirectly from the
transfer of carbon-enriched compounds from roots to soil microbes
Actinomycetes are soil microorganisms like both bacteria and fungi, and have
characteristics linking them to both groups. They are often believed to be the
missing evolutionary link between bacteria and fungi, but they have many more
characteristics in common with bacteria than they do fungi. Actinomycetes give
soil its characteristic smell. They have also been the source of several
significant therapeutic medicines.
Actinomycetes are soil
microorganisms. They are a type of bacteria, but they share some
characteristics with fungi
Fungi are abundant in
soil, but bacteria are more abundant. Fungi are important in the soil as food
sources for other, larger organisms, pathogens, beneficial symbiotic
relationships with plants or other organisms and soil health.
Fungi can be
split into species based primarily on the size, shape and color of their
reproductive spores, which are used to reproduce. Most of the environmental
factors that influence the growth and distribution of bacteria and
actinomycetes also influence fungi.
The quality as well as quantity of organic
matter in the soil has a direct correlation to the growth of fungi, because
most fungi consume organic matter for nutrition. Fungi thrive in acidic
environments, while bacteria and actinomycetes cannot survive in acid, which
results in an abundance of fungi in SLIGHTLY acidic areas.
Fungi also grow well in dry, arid soils because fungi are aerobic, or dependent
on oxygen, and the higher the moisture content in the soil, the less oxygen is
present for them. Most fungi grow well at slight acidic pH values however at pH
below 2 or above 8 it can not grow.
Nitrogen is important
to all living things, including us. It plays a key role in plant growth: too
little nitrogen and plants cannot thrive, leading to low crop yields; but too
much nitrogen can be toxic to plants.. The nitrogen cycle is a
repeating cycle of processes during which nitrogen moves through both living
and non-living things: the atmosphere, soil, water, plants, animals and
bacteria. Microscopic living organisms that usually contain only one cell and are
found everywhere.
Bacteria can cause decomposition or breaking down, of organic
material in soils.. In order to move through the different parts of the cycle,
nitrogen must change forms. In the atmosphere, nitrogen exists as a gas (N2),
but in the soils it exists as nitrogen oxide, NO, and nitrogen dioxide, NO2..
Efficient
use of N by meeting crop needs while avoiding excessive applications of N is an
important goal.
There are five stages
in the nitrogen cycle-- fixation or volatilization, mineralization,
nitrification, immobilization, and denitrification.
Fixation refers to the
conversion of atmospheric N to a plant
available form. Nitrogen fixation
requires energy, enzymes and minerals, so
if a plant available form of N is present, the crop will use it instead of fixing it from the air.
When
legumes are tilled into the soil, the N stored
in their roots is released and made available
to the next crop or lost to the environment,
depending on management.
Mineralization is the
process by which microbes decompose
organic N from manure, organic matter and
crop residues to ammonium. Because it is a biological process, rates of
mineralization vary with soil temperature, moisture and the amount of oxygen in
the soil (aeration).
Nitrification is the
process by which microorganisms convert
ammonium to nitrate to obtain energy. Nitrate is the most plant available form
of N, but is also highly susceptible to leaching losses.
Denitrification occurs
when N is lost through the conversion of nitrate to gaseous forms of N, such as
nitric oxide, nitrous oxide and dinitrogen gas. This occurs when the soil is saturated and the
bacteria use nitrate as an oxygen source
Volatilization is the loss of N through
the conversion of ammonium to ammonia gas, which is released to the atmosphere.
The volatilization losses increase at
higher soil pH and conditions that favor evaporation (e.g. hot and windy).
Immobilization is the
reverse of mineralization. All living
things require N; therefore microorganisms in
the soil compete with crops for N. Immobilization refers to the process in which nitrate and ammonium are taken up by soil organisms and therefore
become unavailable to crops.
Leaching is a pathway
of N loss of a high concern to water
quality. Soil particles do not retain nitrate
very well because both are negatively charged. As a result, nitrate easily moves with water in
the soil.
The rate of leaching
depends on soil drainage, rainfall,
amount of nitrate present in the soil, and crop uptake..
Crop Uptake is the
prime goal of N management on farms. The
greatest efficiency occurs when adequate N is applied at a time when the crop
is actively taking it up. Efficient N use also depends on a number of other
factors including temperature, soil
moisture, pest pressure, and soil compaction…
The ultimate goal of N
management is to maximize N efficiency
by increasing crop uptake and minimizing
N losses to the environment. Crop N needs
can be met through existing N sources (e.g.
from soil organic matter, past sods and previously applied manure)
Soil organic matter
exists as decomposing plant and animal residues, relatively stable products of
decomposition-resistant compounds and humus. Nitrogen has accumulated in these
various organic fractions during soil development.
Organic matter
formation and stability is largely related to long-term moisture and
temperature trends. With higher average temperatures, soil organic matter
decreases. As moisture increases, soil organic matter increases. Higher
temperatures lead to more rapid and complete organic matter decomposition to
soluble products which can leach from soil. Increasing moisture causes more
plant growth, resulting in more organic residue.
Plants normally use
nitrogen in only the ammonium and nitrate forms. Nitrite is actually toxic to
plants.
The nitrogen cycle, as
typically described, begins with nitrogen in its simplest stable form,
dinitrogen (N2), and follows it through the processes of fixation,
mineralization, nitrification, leaching, plant assimilation, ammonia
volatilization, denitrification, and immobilization.
Fixation is the process
of converting dinitrogen gas to chemically reactive forms — where nitrogen
combines with other elements such as oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon. These forms
are dependent on fixation.
Lightning fixes nitrogen into various oxides that
rain and snow deposit. Typically, this is less than 10 pounds of total nitrogen
per acre per year. Bacteria can convert nitrogen to organic forms through
fixation. Fixation can occur either in free-living organisms or symbiotically
in association with legumes. Nitrogen is also fixed industrially through
several processes.
Once nitrogen is fixed, it is subject to
several chemical reactions which can convert it to different organic or
inorganic forms. Mineralization occurs in soil as microorganisms convert
organic nitrogen to inorganic forms. The first step of mineralization is called
aminization, in which microorganisms (primarily heterotrophs) break down
complex proteins to simpler amino acids, amides, and amines.
Saturating soils with a
ready supply of nitrate can cause denitrification — the conversion of nitrate
to various gaseous forms of nitrogen which can be lost to the atmosphere
(nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, dinitrogen). Denitrification occurs under
oxygen-limiting conditions when anaerobic bacteria use nitrate in respiration
in the presence of carbon sources such as organic matter.
Denitrifying bacteria,
microorganisms whose action results in the conversion of nitrates in soil to
free atmospheric nitrogen, thus depleting soil fertility and reducing
agricultural productivity.
Dentrifying bacteria
are a diverse group of bacteria that encompass many different phyla. This group
of bacteria, together with dentrifying fungi and archaea, is capable of
performing denitrification as part of the nitrogen cycle They metabolise
nitrogenous compounds using various enzymes, turning nitrogen oxides back to
nitrogen gas or nitrous oxide.
Without
denitrification, however, the Earth’s supply of nitrogen would eventually
accumulate in the oceans, since nitrates are highly soluble and are
continuously leached from the soil into nearby bodies of water
The process of
denitrification can lower the fertility of soil as nitrogen, a growth-limiting
factor, is removed from the soil and lost to the atmosphere. This loss of
nitrogen to the atmosphere can eventually be regained via introduced nutrients,
as part of the nitrogen cycle. Some nitrogen may also be fixated by species of
nitrifying bacteria and the cyanobacteria.
Nitrification will
occur once ammonia becomes readily available in urine-contaminated soils.
Ammonia is oxidized into nitrite and nitrate via nitrifying bacteria.
Denitrification is the
process that produces the most nitrous oxide. Denitrification involves
the reduction of nitrites and nitrates produced during nitrification into
nitrous oxide by denitrifying bacteria. Nitrous oxide is subsequently reduced
to dinitrogen, the key product of the nitrogen cycle. Nitrous oxide is merely a
free obligatory intermediate and is not a major product.
Organic agriculture has
shown decreased nitrous oxide emissions through limiting the number of cattle
present per hectare of pasture. A decreased number of cattle in one hectare
leads to less nitrogenous constituents deposited into the soil at one time and
strains the occurrence of nitrification and denitrification. This in turn
limits the total amount of nitrous oxide that can be produced.
Nitrogen stabilizers
are commonly used to protect against nitrogen losses through volatilization,
denitrification and leaching. Nitrification occurs when ammonium is converted
to nitrite in the soil by nitrosomonas bacteria, and then further oxidized to
nitrate by nitrobacter bacteria. A majority of the nitrogen taken up by the
plant is in the nitrate form, but most plants can also take up ammonium.
Most plant nutrients,
with the exception of nitrogen, originate from the minerals that make up the
soil parent material. Some nitrogen originates from rain as dilute nitric acid
and ammonia, but most of the nitrogen is available in soils as a result of
nitrogen fixation by bacteria.
Once in the soil-plant system, most nutrients
are recycled through living organisms, plant and microbial residues (soil
organic matter), mineral-bound forms, and the soil solution. Both living
microorganisms and soil organic matter are of critical importance to this
recycling, and thereby to soil formation and soil fertility.
Nitrogenous fertilizers
tend to create acidic conditions, which are fatal to the worms, and dead
specimens are often found on the surface following the application of
substances.
There is a lot of nitrogen in the atmosphere,
but it is not easy for plants to get. There are certain species of bacteria
that absorb nitrogen gas from the atmosphere, and form a nodule. These are
called nitrogen fixing bacteria. When the die, the nitrogen that they used are
released for plants.
Bacteria live in almost
any habitat. They are found inside the digestive system of animals, in the
ocean and fresh water, in compost piles (even at temperatures over 130°F), and
in soils. Although some kinds of bacteria live in flooded soils without oxygen,
most require well-aerated soils. In general, bacteria tend to do better in
neutral pH soils than in acid soils.
In addition to being
among the first organisms to begin decomposing residues in the soil, bacteria
benefit plants by increasing nutrient availability. For example, many bacteria
dissolve phosphorus, making it more available for plants to use.
Bacteria are
also very helpful in providing nitrogen to plants, which they need in large
amounts but is often deficient in agricultural soils. You may wonder how soils
can be deficient in nitrogen when we are surrounded by it—78% of the air we
breathe is composed of nitrogen gas.
Yet plants as well as animals face a
dilemma similar to that of the Ancient Mariner, who was adrift at sea without
fresh water: “Water, water, everywhere nor any drop to drink.” Unfortunately,
neither animals nor plants can use nitrogen gas (N2) for their nutrition.
However, some types of bacteria are able to take nitrogen gas from the
atmosphere and convert it into a form that plants can use to make amino acids
and proteins. This conversion process is known as nitrogen fixation.
Some nitrogen-fixing
bacteria form mutually beneficial associations with plants. One such symbiotic
relationship that is very important to agriculture involves the nitrogen-fixing
rhizobia group of bacteria that live inside nodules formed on the roots of
legumes.
These bacteria provide nitrogen in a form that leguminous plants can
use, while the legume provides the bacteria with sugars for energy.
Protozoa are
single-celled animals that use a variety of means to move about in the soil.
Like bacteria and many fungi, they can be seen only with the help of a
microscope. They are mainly secondary consumers of organic materials, feeding
on bacteria, fungi, other protozoa, and organic molecules dissolved in the soil
water.
Protozoa—through their grazing on nitrogen-rich organisms and excreting
wastes—are believed to be responsible for mineralizing (releasing nutrients
from organic molecules) much of the nitrogen in agricultural soils. Protozoa are
single-celled animals that feed primarily on bacteria, but also eat other
protozoa, soluble organic matter, and sometimes fungi.
They are several times
larger than bacteria. As they eat bacteria, protozoa release excess nitrogen
that can then be used by plants and other members of the food web. Soil bacteria
have a carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of about 5:1 while protozoa have a ratio closer
to 10:1.
As the protozoa feed on the bacteria, they consume more nitrogen than
they need. The excess is excreted and utilized by plants, and the cycling process
continues.
Plant production and
biomass (living material) are limited by the availability of nitrogen.
Understanding how the plant-soil nitrogen cycle works can help us make better
decisions about what crops to grow and where to grow them, so we have an
adequate supply of food.
Knowledge of the nitrogen cycle can also help us
reduce pollution caused by adding too much fertilizer to soils. Certain plants
can uptake more nitrogen or other nutrients, such as phosphorous, another
fertilizer, and can even be used as a “buffer,” or filter, to prevent excessive
fertilizer from entering waterways.
Not enough nitrogen in the soils leaves
plants hungry, while too much of a good thing can be bad: excess nitrogen can
poison plants and even livestock! Pollution of our water sources by surplus
nitrogen and other nutrients is a huge problem, as marine life is being
suffocated from decomposition of dead algae blooms.. We need to protect the
natural plant buffer zones that can take up nitrogen runoff before it reaches
water bodies..
Plants respond to
nutrient deficiency by altering root morphology, recruiting the help of
microorganisms and changing the chemical environment of the rhizosphere. The nutrients most limiting to plant growth
are nitrogen and phosphorus. Even though 78% of the Earth's atmosphere is
composed of nitrogen (N2 gas), it is in a form that is only utilizable by
nitrogen-fixing organisms. As such, inorganic forms of N (NO3-,NH4+) that can
be used by plants are added to soils.
The availability of nitrogen in most
soils is low because of the leaching losses of soluble nitrate (NO3-) with
infiltrating rainwater, fixation of ammonium (NH4+) in clays and soil organic
matter and bacterial denitrification. Plants respond differently depending on
the form of nitrogen in the soil.
Ammonium has a positive charge, and thus the
plant expels one proton (H+) for every NH4+ taken up resulting in a reduction
in rhizosphere pH. When supplied with NO3-, the opposite can occur where the
plant releases bicarbonate (HCO3-) which increases rhizosphere pH. These
changes in pH can influence the availability of other plant essential
micronutrients (e.g., Zn, Ca, Mg).
Symbiotic
nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as Rhizobium species, detect compounds like
flavonoids secreted by the roots of leguminous plants and then produce nod
factors which signal to the plant that they are present and will lead to the
formation of root nodules. In these nodules bacteria, sustained by nutrients
from the plant, convert nitrogen gas to a form that can be used by the
plant.
Non-symbiotic (or
"free-living") nitrogen-fixing bacteria may reside in the rhizosphere
just outside the roots of certain plants (including many grasses), and
similarly "fix" nitrogen gas in the nutrient-rich plant rhizosphere.
ple, nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the rhizosphere of the rice plant exhibit
diurnal cycles that mimic plant behavior, and tend to supply more fixed
nitrogen during growth stages when the plant exhibits a high demand for
nitrogen.
Bacteria and Archaea
are the smallest organisms in soil apart from viruses. Bacteria and Archaea are
prokaryotic. Bacteria and archaea are the most abundant
microorganisms in the soil, and serve many important purposes, including
nitrogen fixation
Nitrobacter can only
derive its energy by turning nitrite into nitrate, which is also known as
oxidation. They are microorganisms that are important in the nitrogen cycle as
converters of soil ammonia to nitrates, compounds usable by plants.
Unlike
plants, where electron transfer in photosynthesis provides the energy for
carbon fixation, Nitrobacter uses energy from the oxidation of nitrite ions,
NO2−, into nitrate ions, NO3−, to fulfill their energy needs. Nitrobacter fix
carbon dioxide via the Calvin cycle for their carbon requirements..
The production of
nitrate (NO3−) by oxidation of nitrite (NO2−) by nitrification the process that
produces the inorganic nitrogen that supplies much of the demand by marine
oxygenic, photosynthetic organisms such as phytoplankton, particularly in areas
of upwelling.
For this reason, nitrification supplies much of the nitrogen that
fuels planktonic primary production in the world's oceans. Nitrification is
estimated to be the source of half of the nitrate consumed by phytoplankton
globally.. The oxidation of ammonia to nitrate is called nitrification and is
an important part of the nitrogen cycle.
Nitrifiers are a diverse group of
Gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic nitrogen
compounds such as ammonia or nitrite. These bacteria are of particular interest
to farmers who fertilize their crops with ammonium nitrogen, a form of nitrogen
that is retained by soils because its positive charge enables it to adhere to
negatively charged soil particles..
As nitrifying bacteria oxidize nitrogen
compounds, they consume O2. Because of this, waters polluted with
nitrogen-containing wastes can quickly become anaerobic.
The nitrification
process requires the mediation of two distinct groups: bacteria that convert
ammonia to nitrites (Nitrosomonas, Nitrosospira, Nitrosococcus, and
Nitrosolobus) and bacteria that convert nitrites (toxic to plants) to nitrates
Nitrogen is fixed, or
combined, in nature as nitric oxide by lightning and ultraviolet rays, but more
significant amounts of nitrogen are fixed as ammonia, nitrites, and nitrates by
soil microorganisms.
The genus Clostridium
is an example of bacterial versatility because it, unlike most species, can
grow in the absence of oxygen, respiring anaerobically. Several species of
Pseudomonas, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa are able to respire both
aerobically and anaerobically, using nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor
Nitrogen fixation
Nitrogen fixation, any natural process
that causes free nitrogen (N2), which is a relatively inert gas plentiful in
air, to combine chemically with other elements to form more-reactive nitrogen
compounds such as ammonia, nitrates, or nitrites.
Under ordinary conditions,
nitrogen does not react with other elements. Yet nitrogenous compounds are
found in all fertile soils, in all living things, Nitrogen is also found in the
nucleus of every living cell as one of the chemical components of DNA.
Nitrogen is fixed, or
combined, in nature as nitric oxide by lightning and ultraviolet rays, but more
significant amounts of nitrogen are fixed as ammonia, nitrites, and nitrates by
soil microorganisms. More than 90 percent of all nitrogen fixation is effected
by them.
The symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria invade the root hairs of host
plants, where they multiply and stimulate the formation of root nodules,
enlargements of plant cells and bacteria in intimate association.
Within the
nodules, the bacteria convert free nitrogen to ammonia, which the host plant
utilizes for its development. Legumes work in harmony with a group of bacteria
that live on their roots. These bacteria take nitrogen from the air and “fix”
or concentrate it in pink root nodules, adding nitrogen to the soil in a form
the plants can absorb.
To get scientific about
it, Rhizobia spp. bacteria have a symbiotic relationship with legume plant
roots. The bacteria live in nodules in the legume roots. Plants cannot absorb
nitrogen (N2) from the air. The bacteria convert nitrogen (N2) from the air by
adding hydrogen to create ammonium ions (NH4+) which the plants can absorb.
Converting the nitrogen by adding hydrogen is what is called “nitrogen
fixation” in legumes.
Biological nitrogen fixation converts N2 into ammonia,
which is metabolized by most organisms. Nitrogen fixation is essential to life
because fixed inorganic nitrogen compounds are required for the biosynthesis of
all nitrogen-containing organic compounds, such as amino acids and proteins,
nucleoside triphosphates and nucleic acids.
As part of the nitrogen cycle, it
is essential for agriculture and the manufacture of fertilizer Some
nitrogen-fixing bacteria have symbiotic relationships with some plant groups,
especially legumes. Nitrogen fixation also occurs between some termites and
fungi.It also occurs naturally in the air by means of NOx production by
lightning.
All biological nitrogen
fixation is effected by enzymes called nitrogenases These enzymes are
responsible for the reduction of nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3). Nitrogenases
are the only family of enzymes known to catalyze this reaction, which is a key
step in the process of nitrogen fixation.
Nitrogen fixation is required for all
forms of life, with nitrogen being essential for the biosynthesis of molecules
(nucleotides, amino acids) that create plants, Nitrogenase is an enzyme
responsible for catalyzing nitrogen fixation, which is the reduction of
nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) and a process vital to sustaining life on Earth
XXX
IF CHANDRABABU NAIDU BECOMES CM OF ANDHRA HE WILL BUILD HIS CAPITAL AT AMRAVATI BEFORE 2024..
PM MODI HIMSELF LAID THE FOUNDATION STONE ON 22ND OCT 2015 AT EDDANDARAYUNIPALEM AREA ON BANKS OF KRISHNA RIVER .
WE ASK AJIT DOVAL / CBI TO CHECK THE BENAMI LANDS CHANDRABABU NAIDU HAS ACQUIRED SURREPTITIOUSLY AT THE HEART OF HIS NEW EARMARKED CAPITAL AMRAVATI .. THIS WILL MAKE HIM THE RICHEST MAN IN INDIA..
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2012/05/jagan-mohan-reddy-finally-in-jail-for.html
THE BUDDHIST STUPA AT AMARAVATI IS FAKE..
THE REAL BUDDHA ( WHO BELIEVED IN VEDAS ) HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH MODERN BUDDHISM ( OF BUDDHA BORN IN 563 BC WHO ATE PIG AND DID NOT BELIEVE IN SOUL ) WE SEE TODAY.. WHEN THE WHITE INVADER CAME TO INDIA THERE WAS NOT ONE SINGLE BUDDHIST IN INDIA..
THE REAL BUDDHA WAS ADI BUDDHA BORN TO ANJANA OF FATHER HEMAJIT IN KIKATA, BODHGAYA IN 1900 BC..
THE FAKE BUDDHA ( BORN IN LUMBINI , KAPILAVASTU, NEPAL ) OF FAKE ASHOKA FAME WAS NOT LIBERATED... HE STRUGGLED FOR SALVATION.. HIS LAST MEAL WAS PIG GIBLET..HIS MOTHER WAS MAYADEVI AND FATHER WAS SHUDDHODANA..
his is a passage from my social studies book while at school
QUOTE : The great Buddhist Stupa of Amaravati, the Maha chaitya, is one of the greatest architectural achievement of ancient India. The monument was situated on the outskirts of the town of Amaravati near the ancient ruined city of Dharanikota. It was founded in the 3rd-2nd centuries BC during Ashoka Maurya' reign UNQUOTE
BUT ALAS—EMPEROR ASHOKA NEVER EXISTED. HE WAS COOKED UP BY JEW ROTHSCHILD .
AFTER ALL ASHOKA CONVERTED FROM BAAAAAAD HINDUSIM TO GOOOOOOD BUDDHISM !
THE STUPA NEVER EXISTED AT THE SPOT –IT WAS JUST A FIGMENT OF ROTHSCHILDs SLIMY IMAGINATION.. ALL DIAGRAMS ARE FAKE..
I HAVE SEEN THE AMARAVATI BUDDHIST RELICS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM— THEY ARE ALL FAKE—JUST LIKE THE ASHOKA ROCK EDICTS .
I have seen the Colin Mackenzie album of maps, plans and drawings of sculpture from the stupa at Amaravati at the British Library—all FAKE
THE NAME OF THIS NEW CAPITAL IS DERIVED FROM AN OLDER VILLAGE IN GUNTUR NAMED AMARAWATHI ON THE BANKS OF THE KRISHNA RIVER
Amaravathi Mahachaitya Stupa exists in this village. This is a FAKE relic made by Jew Rothschild to propagate the FAKE Emperor Ashoka who never existed.
The Chinese traveller and Buddhist monk Hiuen Tsang (Xuanzang) visited Amaravati in 640 AD as per Rothschild historians – BALLS! This fellow Hiun Tsang was cooked up by Jew Rothschild.
Colonel Colin Mackenzie working for Rothschild as the first Surveyor General of India was a FAKE archaeologist, FAKE collector of antiquities and an orientalist—who did propaganda for this FAKE Buddhist STUPA ..
Colonel Colin Mackenzie was involved in the MURDER of Tipu Sultan while he was eating breakfast in 1799 at his palace in Srirangapatnam..
CHANDRABABU NAIDU WANTS TO MAKE AMARAVATHI A BUDDHIST MECCA..
87 % of the nearly 54,000 acres land (lying between Vijayawada and Guntur cities alongside the river Krishna) designated for Amravati has been acquired under the land pooling system from 28,200 farmers .. This is a fertile area growing 3 crops a year for 122 varieties of food crops.. Even marginal farmers who own half an acre or less earn more than Rs 32,000 each month
This area if a FOOD BOWL and will be prone to floods.. Why trade precious FOOD for a concrete Jungle?
THE TOPSOIL IS SOFT AND IF TALL BUILDING HAVE TO BE MADE, THE BOTTOM OF THE TOP SOIL WHERE FOUNDATIONS WILL BE DRIVEN IN MUST BE INVESTIGATED FOR SUITABILITY..
IF CAPT AJIT VADAKAYIL WAS THE BOSS OF NGT OR ENVIRONMENT MINISTER OR PM — I WONT GIVE CLEARANCE FOR BEING ENVIRONMENTALLY UNSUSTAINABLE ..
CONTINUED TO 2-
IF CHANDRABABU NAIDU BECOMES CM OF ANDHRA HE WILL BUILD HIS CAPITAL AT AMRAVATI BEFORE 2024..
PM MODI HIMSELF LAID THE FOUNDATION STONE ON 22ND OCT 2015 AT EDDANDARAYUNIPALEM AREA ON BANKS OF KRISHNA RIVER .
WE ASK AJIT DOVAL / CBI TO CHECK THE BENAMI LANDS CHANDRABABU NAIDU HAS ACQUIRED SURREPTITIOUSLY AT THE HEART OF HIS NEW EARMARKED CAPITAL AMRAVATI .. THIS WILL MAKE HIM THE RICHEST MAN IN INDIA..
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2012/05/jagan-mohan-reddy-finally-in-jail-for.html
THE BUDDHIST STUPA AT AMARAVATI IS FAKE..
THE REAL BUDDHA ( WHO BELIEVED IN VEDAS ) HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH MODERN BUDDHISM ( OF BUDDHA BORN IN 563 BC WHO ATE PIG AND DID NOT BELIEVE IN SOUL ) WE SEE TODAY.. WHEN THE WHITE INVADER CAME TO INDIA THERE WAS NOT ONE SINGLE BUDDHIST IN INDIA..
THE REAL BUDDHA WAS ADI BUDDHA BORN TO ANJANA OF FATHER HEMAJIT IN KIKATA, BODHGAYA IN 1900 BC..
THE FAKE BUDDHA ( BORN IN LUMBINI , KAPILAVASTU, NEPAL ) OF FAKE ASHOKA FAME WAS NOT LIBERATED... HE STRUGGLED FOR SALVATION.. HIS LAST MEAL WAS PIG GIBLET..HIS MOTHER WAS MAYADEVI AND FATHER WAS SHUDDHODANA..
his is a passage from my social studies book while at school
QUOTE : The great Buddhist Stupa of Amaravati, the Maha chaitya, is one of the greatest architectural achievement of ancient India. The monument was situated on the outskirts of the town of Amaravati near the ancient ruined city of Dharanikota. It was founded in the 3rd-2nd centuries BC during Ashoka Maurya' reign UNQUOTE
BUT ALAS—EMPEROR ASHOKA NEVER EXISTED. HE WAS COOKED UP BY JEW ROTHSCHILD .
AFTER ALL ASHOKA CONVERTED FROM BAAAAAAD HINDUSIM TO GOOOOOOD BUDDHISM !
THE STUPA NEVER EXISTED AT THE SPOT –IT WAS JUST A FIGMENT OF ROTHSCHILDs SLIMY IMAGINATION.. ALL DIAGRAMS ARE FAKE..
I HAVE SEEN THE AMARAVATI BUDDHIST RELICS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM— THEY ARE ALL FAKE—JUST LIKE THE ASHOKA ROCK EDICTS .
I have seen the Colin Mackenzie album of maps, plans and drawings of sculpture from the stupa at Amaravati at the British Library—all FAKE
THE NAME OF THIS NEW CAPITAL IS DERIVED FROM AN OLDER VILLAGE IN GUNTUR NAMED AMARAWATHI ON THE BANKS OF THE KRISHNA RIVER
Amaravathi Mahachaitya Stupa exists in this village. This is a FAKE relic made by Jew Rothschild to propagate the FAKE Emperor Ashoka who never existed.
The Chinese traveller and Buddhist monk Hiuen Tsang (Xuanzang) visited Amaravati in 640 AD as per Rothschild historians – BALLS! This fellow Hiun Tsang was cooked up by Jew Rothschild.
Colonel Colin Mackenzie working for Rothschild as the first Surveyor General of India was a FAKE archaeologist, FAKE collector of antiquities and an orientalist—who did propaganda for this FAKE Buddhist STUPA ..
Colonel Colin Mackenzie was involved in the MURDER of Tipu Sultan while he was eating breakfast in 1799 at his palace in Srirangapatnam..
CHANDRABABU NAIDU WANTS TO MAKE AMARAVATHI A BUDDHIST MECCA..
87 % of the nearly 54,000 acres land (lying between Vijayawada and Guntur cities alongside the river Krishna) designated for Amravati has been acquired under the land pooling system from 28,200 farmers .. This is a fertile area growing 3 crops a year for 122 varieties of food crops.. Even marginal farmers who own half an acre or less earn more than Rs 32,000 each month
This area if a FOOD BOWL and will be prone to floods.. Why trade precious FOOD for a concrete Jungle?
THE TOPSOIL IS SOFT AND IF TALL BUILDING HAVE TO BE MADE, THE BOTTOM OF THE TOP SOIL WHERE FOUNDATIONS WILL BE DRIVEN IN MUST BE INVESTIGATED FOR SUITABILITY..
IF CAPT AJIT VADAKAYIL WAS THE BOSS OF NGT OR ENVIRONMENT MINISTER OR PM — I WONT GIVE CLEARANCE FOR BEING ENVIRONMENTALLY UNSUSTAINABLE ..
CONTINUED TO 2-
Available nitrogen in
the soil is the essential nutrient for green leaves, and new roots and shoots.
Bacteria are
responsible for the process of nitrogen fixation, which is the conversion of
atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen-containing compounds (such as ammonia) that
can be used by plants. Autotrophic bacteria derive their energy by making their
own food through oxidation, like the Nitrobacters species, rather than feeding
on plants or other organisms.
These bacteria are responsible for nitrogen
fixation. The amount of autotrophic bacteria is small compared to heterotrophic
bacteria (the opposite of autotrophic bacteria, heterotrophic bacteria acquire
energy by consuming plants or other microorganisms), but are very important
because almost every plant and organism requires nitrogen in some way.
In nitrogen fixation,
rhizobium bacteria convert N2 to ammonia (NH3). Rhizobia share a symbiotic
relationship with host plants, since rhizobia supply the host with nitrogen and
the host provides rhizobia with nutrients and a safe environment.
Rhizobia are
diazotrophic bacteria that fix nitrogen after becoming established inside the
root nodules of legumes (Fabaceae). To express genes for nitrogen fixation,
rhizobia require a plant host; they cannot independently fix nitrogen. In general, they are gram negative, motile,
non-sporulating rods.
Nitrogen is a critical
limiting element for plant growth and production. It is a major component of
chlorophyll, the most important pigment needed for photosynthesis, as well as
amino acids, the key building blocks of proteins. It is acids. Even though it
is one of the most abundant elements (predominately in the form of nitrogen gas
(N2) in the Earth’s atmosphere), plants can only utilize reduced forms of this
element.
Plants acquire these forms of “combined” nitrogen by: 1) the addition
of ammonia and/or nitrate fertilizer (from the Haber-Bosch process) or manure
to soil, 2) the release of these compounds during organic matter decomposition,
3) the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into the compounds by natural
processes, such as lightning, and 4) biological nitrogen fixation
Biological nitrogen
fixation (BNF), discovered by Beijerinck in 1901 (Beijerinck 1901), is carried
out by a specialized group of prokaryotes. These organisms utilize the enzyme
nitrogenase to catalyze the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia
(NH3). Plants can readily assimilate NH3 to produce the aforementioned
nitrogenous biomolecules.
These prokaryotes include aquatic organisms, such as
cyanobacteria, free-living soil bacteria, such as Azotobacter, bacteria that
form associative relationships with plants, such as Azospirillum, and most
importantly, bacteria, such as Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium, that form
symbioses with legumes and other plants (Pos
Many heterotrophic
bacteria live in the soil and fix significant levels of nitrogen without the
direct interaction with other organisms. Examples of this type of
nitrogen-fixing bacteria include species of Azotobacter, Bacillus, Clostridium,
and Klebsiella.
These organisms must
find their own source of energy, typically by oxidizing organic molecules
released by other organisms or from decomposition.
Many microorganisms fix
nitrogen symbiotically by partnering with a host plant.
The plant provides
sugars from photosynthesis that are utilized by the nitrogen-fixing
microorganism for the energy it needs for nitrogen fixation. In exchange for
these carbon sources, the microbe provides fixed nitrogen to the host plant for
its growth.
The Rhizobium or
Bradyrhizobium bacteria colonize the host plant’s root system and cause the
roots to form nodules to house the bacteria . The bacteria then begin to fix
the nitrogen required by the plant. Access to the fixed nitrogen allows the
plant to produce leaves fortified with nitrogen that can be recycled throughout
the plant. This allows the plant to increase photosynthetic capacity, which in
turn yields nitrogen-rich seed.
Ammonium ions (NH4+)
not immobilized or taken up quickly by higher plants are usually converted
rapidly to NO3- ions by a process called nitrification. This is a two-step
process, during which bacteria called Nitrosomonas convert NH4+ to nitrite
(NO2-), and then other bacteria, Nitrobacter, convert the NO2- to NO3-. This
process requires a well-aerated soil and occurs rapidly enough that one usually
finds mostly NO3- rather than NH4+ in soils during the growing season.
When bacteria feed on
soluble forms of nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate), they temporarily sequester
that nitrogen in their bodies in a process called immobilisation. At a later
time when those bacteria die, their nitrogen may be released as ammonium by the
processes of mineralisation.
Usable nitrogen may be
lost from soils when it is in the form of nitrate, as it is easily leached.
Further losses of nitrogen occur by denitrification, the process whereby soil
bacteria convert nitrate (NO3−) to nitrogen gas, N2 or N2O.
This occurs when
poor soil aeration limits free oxygen, forcing bacteria to use the oxygen in
nitrate for their respiratory process. Denitrification increases when
oxidisable organic material is available and when soils are warm and slightly
acidic. Denitrification may vary throughout a soil as the aeration varies from
place to place.
Denitrification may cause the loss of 10 to 20 percent of the available
nitrates within a day and when conditions are favourable to that process,
losses of up to 60 percent of nitrate applied as fertiliser may occur.
Waterlogging causes
oxygen starvation in the root zone, which retards root development and may lead
to death directly, or to poor growth and low productivity due to a stunted root
system. Waterlogging also causes nitrogen loss through denitrification and can
affect the availability of other nutrients. Toxins secreted by anaerobic
bacteria, which flourish in waterlogged soils, may also damage plants.
The ratio of carbon to
nitrogen will differ from species to species, and depending upon the age of the
plant. The ratio is referred to as C:N. The value of N is always one, whereas
the value of carbon or carbohydrates is expressed in a value of about 10 up to
90; the ratio must be less than 30:1 to prevent the manure bacteria from
depleting existing nitrogen in the soil. Rhizobium are soil organisms that
interact with green manure to retain atmospheric nitrogen in the soil.
Bacteria are organisms
that have only one cell and are, therefore, microscopic. There are anywhere
from 100 million to one billion bacteria in just a teaspoon of moist, fertile
soil. They are decomposers, eating dead plant material and organic waste.
By
doing this, the bacteria release nutrients that other organisms could not
access. The bacteria do this by changing the nutrients from inaccessible to
usable forms. The process is essential in the nitrogen cycle.
WHAT IS CROP ROTATION?
IF WE NEED TO KICK THE
DESH DROHI GREEN REVOLUTION AND REVERT BACK TO ORGANIC AGRICULTURE FARMERS NEED
TO BE TAUGHT CROP ROTATION BY WAY OF TV AND FIELD CLASSES BY VOLUNTEERS TO
ASSESS THE SOIL HISTORY AND HELP ON THE SPOT.
INDIANS TAUGHT CROP
ROTATION TO THE REST OF THE PLANET IN ANCIENT TIMES.. TODAY WE ARE STRUGGLING
WITH THE GREEN REVOLUTION GIFTS GIVEN TO US BY DESH DROHI MS SWAMINATHAN.
WE ASK THE MODI GOVT TO
CERTIFY FARMERS WHO DO NOT USE ARTIFICIAL FERTILIZERS AND PESTICIDES..THESE
FARMERS MUST BE GIVEN A HEFTY INCENTIVE.
VIDEOS MUST BE TAKEN TO PROVE
EARTHWORMS EXIST ..
SEALED SOIL SAMPLES
MUST BE TAKEN BY CERTIFIED TECHNICIANS TO THE LAB AND ANALYSED FOR MICROBES..
Crop rotation is the
practice of growing a series of dissimilar or different types of crops in the
same area in sequenced seasons. It is done so that the soil of farms is not
used for only one set of nutrients.
It helps in reducing soil erosion and
increases soil fertility and crop yield. Growing the same crop in the same
place for many years in a row (monocropping) disproportionately depletes the
soil of certain nutrients.
With rotation, a crop that leaches the soil of one
kind of nutrient is followed during the next growing season by a dissimilar
crop that returns that nutrient to the soil or draws a different ratio of
nutrients.
In addition, crop rotation mitigates the buildup of pathogens and
pests that often occurs when one species is continuously cropped, and can also
improve soil structure and fertility by increasing biomass from varied root
structures.
A preliminary assessment of crop interrelationships can be found in
how each crop:---
(1) contributes to soil organic matter (SOM) content, (2)
provides for pest management, (3) manages deficient or excess nutrients, and
(4) how it contributes to or controls for soil erosion..
Crop rotation allows
the land to regenerate and rejuvenate its self-nutrients without having to
apply more nutrients through the use of fertilizers.
Crop choice is often
related to the goal the farmer is looking to achieve with the rotation, which
could be weed management, increasing available nitrogen in the soil,
controlling for erosion, or increasing soil structure and biomass, to name a
few..
Crop rotation must
consider in what condition one crop will leave the soil for the succeeding crop
and how one crop can be seeded with another crop.
For example, a nitrogen-fixing crop, like a
legume, should always precede a nitrogen depleting one; similarly, a low
residue crop (i.e. a crop with low biomass) should be offset with a high
biomass cover crop, like a mixture of grasses and legumes..
Intercropping is a
multiple cropping practice involving growing two or more crops in proximity.
The most common goal of intercropping is to produce a greater yield on a given
piece of land by making use of resources or ecological processes that would
otherwise not be utilized by a single crop.
Multiple cropping is
the practice of growing two or more crops in the same piece of land in same
growing seasons instead of one crop. It is a form of polyculture.
It can take
the form of double-cropping, in which a second crop is planted after the first
has been harvested, or relay cropping, in which the second crop is started
amidst the first crop before it has been harvested.
The use of different
species in rotation allows for increased soil organic matter (SOM), greater
soil structure, and improvement of the chemical and biological soil environment
for crops. With more SOM, water infiltration and retention improves, providing
increased drought tolerance and decreased erosion.
Soil organic matter is
a mix of decaying material from biomass with active microorganisms. Crop
rotation, by nature, increases exposure to biomass from sod, green manure, and
a various other plant debris.
The reduced need for intensive tillage under crop
rotation allows biomass aggregation to lead to greater nutrient retention and
utilization, decreasing the need for added nutrients.
Microorganisms are what make nutrients
available to plants. So, where "active" soil organic matter is a key
to productive soil, soil with low microbial activity provides significantly
fewer nutrients to plants; this is true even though the quantity of biomass
left in the soil may be the same.
Soil microorganisms
also decrease pathogen and pest activity through competition. In addition,
plants produce root exudates and other chemicals which manipulate their soil
environment as well as their weed environment.
Thus rotation allows increased
yields from nutrient availability but also alleviation of allelopathy and
competitive weed environments. Similar plants tend to have the same pathogens,
therefore, crop rotation intercepts the pest life cycle and their habitat.
Crop rotations greatly
increase soil organic carbon (SOC) content, the main constituent of soil
organic matter. Carbon, along with hydrogen and oxygen, is a macronutrient for
plants. Highly diverse rotations spanning long periods of time have shown to be
even more effective in increasing SOC, while soil disturbances (e.g. from
tillage) are responsible for exponential decline in SOC levels..
Rotating crops adds
nutrients to the soil. Legumes, plants of the family Fabaceae, for instance,
have nodules on their roots which contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria called rhizobia.
During a process called nodulation, the rhizobia bacteria use nutrients and
water provided by the plant to convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which
is then converted into an organic compound that the plant can use as its
nitrogen source
It therefore makes good sense agriculturally
to alternate them with cereals (family Poaceae) and other plants that require
nitrates. How much nitrogen made available to the plants depends on factors
such as the kind of legume, the effectiveness of rhizobia bacteria, soil
conditions, and the availability of elements necessary for plant food
Crop rotation is used
to control pests and diseases that can become established in the soil over
time. The changing of crops in a sequence decreases the population level of
pests by:--
(1) interrupting pest life cycles and (2) interrupting pest habitat. Plants
within the same taxonomic family tend to have similar pests and pathogens.
By
regularly changing crops and keeping the soil occupied by cover crops instead of
lying fallow, pest cycles can be broken or limited, especially cycles that
benefit from overwintering in residue
Integrating certain
crops, especially cover crops, into crop rotations is of particular value to
weed management.
These crops crowd out weed through competition. In addition,
the sod and compost from cover crops and green manure slows the growth of what
weeds are still able to make it through the soil, giving the crops further
competitive advantage.
By removing slowing the growth and proliferation of
weeds while cover crops are cultivated, farmers greatly reduce the presence of
weeds for future crops, including shallow rooted and row crops, which are less
resistant to weeds. Cover crops are, therefore, considered conservation crops
because they protect otherwise fallow land from becoming overrun with weeds..
Crop rotation
contributes to increased yields through improved soil nutrition. By requiring
planting and harvesting of different crops at different times, more land can be
farmed with the same amount of machinery and labour.
For example, say a
farmer has planted a field of corn. When the corn harvest is finished, he might
plant beans, since corn consumes a lot of nitrogen and beans return nitrogen to
the soil.
If a farmer plants the
exact same crop in the same place every year, as is common in conventional
farming, she continually draws the same nutrients out of the soil. Pests and
diseases happily make themselves a permanent home as their preferred food
source is guaranteed. With monocultures like these, increasing levels of
chemical fertilizers and pesticides become necessary to keep yields high while
keeping bugs and disease at bay.
Crop rotation increases
soil fertility by controlling deficient or excess nutrients because it
replenishes nutrients that are not available or absorbing nutrients that are in
abundance. It also increases the soil organic matter caused by the
micro-organisms left behind by each type of crop planted.
Animals that also
graze on land left to fallow contribute to adding manure to the ground that
fertilizes the soil.
Crop rotation helps
return nutrients to the soil without synthetic inputs.
Organic crops perform
better in weak-acidic to weak-alkaline soils—soils with pH between 5.5 and 8.0.
This happens because of the difficulty in managing phosphorus in organic
systems. Under strong alkaline and acidic conditions, phosphorus is less
readily available to plants as it forms insoluble phosphates.
Crop rotation helps
prevent soil compaction thus improving the physical condition of the soil. This
allows for good condition for seed germination and root proliferation. It also
helps with other soil processes such as water infiltration and aeration, which
have a lot of benefits to the crops and improves the composition of the soil.
Cover crops take carbon
out of the atmosphere as they grow and funnel it into the soil. Unlike cash
crops that are harvested and removed from the soil, cover crops are left to
decompose and contribute to soil formation.
A cover crop is planted to manage
soil erosion, soil fertility, soil quality, water, weeds, pests, diseases,
biodiversity and wildlife in an agroecosystem—an ecological system managed and
shaped by humans.
Cover crops may be an off-season crop planted after
harvesting the cash crop. The cover crop may grow over winter. One of the primary
uses of cover crops is to increase soil fertility. These types of cover crops
are referred to as "green manure." They are used to manage a range of
soil macronutrients and micronutrients.
Of the various nutrients, the impact
that cover crops have on nitrogen management has received the most attention
from researchers and farmers, because nitrogen is often the most limiting
nutrient in crop production.
Often, green manure
crops are grown for a specific period, and then plowed under before reaching
full maturity in order to improve soil fertility and quality. Also the stalks
left block the soil from being eroded.
A cover crop is a crop
of a specific plant that is grown primarily for the benefit of the soil rather
than the crop yield. Cover crops are commonly used to suppress weeds, manage
soil erosion, help build and improve soil fertility and quality, control
diseases and pests, and promote biodiversity.
Cover crops are
typically grasses or legumes but may be comprised of other green plants. And,
most often, a cover crop is grown in the off-season before the field is needed
for growing the cash crop. In essence, a cover crop readies the land for an
incoming cash crop.
Cover crops reduce the amount of water that drains off a
field, protecting waterways and downstream ecosystems from erosion. Because
each root of the cover crop creates pores in the soil, cover crops help allow
water to filter deep into the ground. As a result, a cover crop can help
conserve water and prevent soil erosion.
Cover crops can help
break disease cycles by reducing the amount of bacterial and fungal diseases in
the soil. If you have a soil that is infested, you can plant a cover crop in
that area as a means to eradicate the disease.
Cover crops are sometimes called
"green manure" because they provide nutrients to the soil, much like
manure does. They are also called "living mulches" because they can
prevent soil erosion. A mulch is a layer of organic material, such as crop
residue, that is left on the surface of the soil to prevent water runoff and
protect the soil from the damaging effects of heavy rainfall.
Cover crops are
an important part of sustainable agriculture. These crops add fertility to the
soil without chemical fertilizers via biological nitrogen fixation. A cover
crop can offer a natural way to reduce soil compaction, manage soil moisture,
reduce overall energy use, and provide additional forage for livestock.
Small farmers choose to
grow specific cover crops based on their needs and goals and the overall
requirements of the land they are working. Cover crops grown in summer are
often used to fill in space during crop rotations, help amend the soil, or
suppress weeds. Winter cover crops help hold soil in place over the winter ..
This ensures that the
soil has a suitable energy reserve as well as tissue building material to
enable the plants to thrive.
In a fish tank, a fish’s primary waste is ammonia. Ammonia is produced by the breakdown of protein, the main staple of most fishes’ diets. Ammonia is excreted out through the urinary tract and gills. Ammonia is highly toxic to fish, causing death and increased secondary illness, so it is converted, through nitrogen-fixing bacteria, into nitrite. Now, nitrite can be just as bad as ammonia.
Methemoglobinemia, or “Brown Blood Disease,”
is caused by a build-up of nitrite. Nitrite can bind to hemoglobin in the blood
and outcompete oxygen. This causes a brown coloration and the fish will
asphyxiate from lack of oxygen.
Thankfully, more nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrite into the final nitrate. Nitrate is safe for fish at low levels, but at higher levels, and depending on the fish species’ tolerance, can cause the same issues as high ammonia. Nitrate is removed from the system by aquatic plants or water changes.
Thankfully, more nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrite into the final nitrate. Nitrate is safe for fish at low levels, but at higher levels, and depending on the fish species’ tolerance, can cause the same issues as high ammonia. Nitrate is removed from the system by aquatic plants or water changes.
Microorganisms are very
small forms of life that can sometimes live as single cells, although many also
form colonies of cells. A microscope is usually needed to see individual cells
of these organisms. Many more microorganisms exist in topsoil, where food
sources are plentiful, than in subsoil.
They are especially abundant in the area immediately next to plant roots (called the rhizosphere), where sloughed-off cells and chemicals released by roots provide ready food sources.
They are especially abundant in the area immediately next to plant roots (called the rhizosphere), where sloughed-off cells and chemicals released by roots provide ready food sources.
These organisms are primary decomposers of organic matter, but they do other
things, such as provide nitrogen through fixation to help growing plants, detoxify
harmful chemicals (toxins), suppress disease organisms, and produce products
that might stimulate plant growth.
Soil microorganisms have had another direct importance for humans—they are the source of most of the antibiotic medicines we use to fight diseases.
Soil microorganisms have had another direct importance for humans—they are the source of most of the antibiotic medicines we use to fight diseases.
Soil is a wonderful
source of bacteria that can make new antibiotics.
One teaspoon of healthy
soil contains hundreds of millions of
bacteria.
ANCIENT AYURVEDA NOT
ONLY USED GOLD ( FROM HUMPED COW URINE ) AND SILVER COLLOIDS ( FROM GANGES
HEAD RIVER WATERS ) AS ANTIBIOTICS BUT ALSO SOIL BACTERIA FROM SNAKE
GROVES.
HERBS COLLECTED FROM SNAKE GROVES ARE CONSUMED WITHOUT WASHING OR LIGHT RINSING ...
HERBS COLLECTED FROM SNAKE GROVES ARE CONSUMED WITHOUT WASHING OR LIGHT RINSING ...
EVERY SNAKE GROVE HAD A
POND WITH FISHES INSIDE. EVEN SWALLOWING
THE FISHES WITHOUT COOKING CURED DISEASES.
WHY IS GANGES RIVER
WATER HOLY?
BECAUSE IT IS THE ONLY
RIVER ON THE PLANET CONTAINING BACTERIOPHAGES.
Before the Suez canal
was built, British East India company
ships would stock up Ganges water from the fag end of Ganges river off Calcutta.
This water would hold excellent quality till the ship arrived at London,
and sailors would be in the pink of health .
On the reverse passage
they would stock fresh water from river Thames and this water would develop
fungus , have bacteria and stink, and the water had to be discarded and
replenished enroute . Sailors used to he
half dead by the time the ship reached India.
A quarter century ago,
I had an argument with a Dutch river pilot .
When I pointed out some white chemical ( Styrene ) foam in water river water
and a dead sea gull , he ridiculed the
holy river Ganges .
I instantly busted his
bubble by telling him that the Ganges which flows from the mythical hairlocks
of Lord Shiva is self cleansing due to the action of bacteriophages , silver/ himalayan salt colloids and hyper oxygenation—and it is the only
river on the planet which has this ability.
Bacteriophage, is a
virus, any of a group of viruses that
infect bacteria—it literally means
“bacteria eater” .
BELOW: BACTERIOPHAGES OF THE GANGES RIVER HAVE INNATE INTELLIGENCE AND THEY DO ONLY GOOD TO HUMANS. THIS IS WHY WE CALL GANGES A HOLY RIVER WITH LIVING WATER ..
Thousands of varieties
of such phages exist, each of which may infect only one type or a few types of
bacteria.. The nucleic acid may be
either DNA or RNA and may be double-stranded or single-stranded.
During infection a
phage attaches to a bacterium and inserts its genetic material into the
cell. After this a phage follows one of
two life cycles, lytic (virulent) or lysogenic (temperate). Lytic phages take over the machinery of the
cell to make phage components. They then
destroy, or lyse, the cell, releasing new phage particles.
After the discovery of
antibiotics in the 1940s it was virtually abandoned. With the ever increasing rise of anti-biotic
resistant bacteria , phages will now command fresh attention.
More than 125 years ago
there was a cholera outbreak in India and dead bodies were dumped in the upper
river. Yet strangely Ganges water did NOT spread the cholera down the river .
A British
bacteriologist by the name of Dr Ernest Hankin found that colonies of cholera
bacteria that thrived in ground water quickly died in Ganges water. He pursued his experiment by using boiled
Ganges water and filtered Ganges water.
To his surprise, while
the filtered water ( which could not hold back nano colloids ) continued to
show an antibacterial effect, the boiled water did not. Heating water flocculates ( agglomerates )
and sediments the magic colloids and also kills the magic bacteriophages.
Ganges is heavily
populated with phages which multiply rapidly , travel fast and home in on
targets . They are harmless to humans because they are strain specific. This means phages that infect the cholera
bacterium can only infect the cholera bacterium and no other bacteria.
When a bacteriophage
finds a bacterium with proteins which match its receptors, it can insert DNA or
RNA into the bacterium and direct the organism to start producing replicas of
the virus.
In the process of
replicating the bacteriophage, many bacteria will experience lysis, in which
they literally explode as they become overloaded with viruses.
Unlike antibiotics,
phages take out the pathogen without harming the natural flora and friendly
bacteria present in the body .
The EVIL PHARMA has killed all efforts to
revive phage research. Bacteriophages which
are viruses infect and kill their host bacteria by a magical SEARCH AND DESTROY
action.
Phages have been
keeping keeping bacteria in check for three and a half billion years!
Antibiotics have been around for a few decades are they are already failing to
do their job.
60 years ago people
would put a few drops of Ganga water into ponds and it would kill all the
bacterial growth. Even today the
polluted Ganga that kills pathogens twenty-five times faster than any other
river. But with the onslaught of toxic chemicals from tanneries this rate has
slowed down.
Dams have prevented the
phages from doing their job. There are phages for all bacteria. A cholera phage
can only attach to a cholera bacteria, an E. coli phage only to that specific
E. coli and so on. They simply bide their time until they can sense that
bacteria .
A phage or virus is a
kind of macromolecule. It cannot replicate itself in nature. It has to
penetrate the body of a suitable host and use its mechanism to replicate. It can hang around in shady waters for years,
but you won’t notice it because there is no host. It will only express itself
when there is a bacterial host.
Without a host in sight
it just remains dormant. The phage that will kill cholera will not kill
shigella dysentery even though they are both diarrhoeal diseases. And one that
kills shigella will not kill typhoid, and so on.
The bacteria which phages feed on can come
from human bodies when they bathe. The human body in water in fact acts as a
catalyst. The higher the concentration
of bathers the more food for the phages to feast on. So wherever there are major bathing festivals
like the Kumbh mela,phages will flock.
Having found out its
prey, the phage will multiply and the whole area suddenly becomes rich in
phages. So a few days after a Kumbh Mela
the riversuddenly acquired greater powers of self-purification.
Now you get the drift
why Capt Ajit Vadakayil got pissed off with the ignoramus river pilot in
Netherlands.
Bacteriophages can
eliminate the bacteria in the water. Compared to antibiotics, bacreriophages go
deeper into the infected area. The replication of phages is concentrated on the
infected area where they are needed the most.
Bacteriophages are
viruses cannot multiply through the division of cells because they are
acellular (they do not have cells).
Instead, they seek a host cell in which they replicate and assemble
themselves using the metabolism and machinery of the host cell. Antibiotics are metabolized and removed from
the body, with associated side effects.
Now let me talk about
the magical nano colloids in Ganges water.
300 million years ago,
these magic colloids were at the bottom of the sea, and was churned up when two
continents banged against each other at the end of the great continental drift.
The Himalayas were
pushed up when two continents collided .
This is why Tibet is elevated and Mount Everest is the tallest mountain
peak , which is still rising. Rock salts
from the bottom of the deep ocean were pushed up as mountains.
It is electrically
charged nano size colloids of Himalayan rock salt which protects the human body
from free radicals and heals the human body.
This is why Ganges water is called LIVING WATER.
This low surface
tension water contains all the 83 odd minerals required by the human body in
the correct dosage, to take it to the correct vibrational state where all cells
dance in supreme harmony.
Ganges water heals at
the cellular level. Hardly any modern
doctors understand the strange tango of minerals in the human cell.
Ganges water is highly alkaline and has an extraordinary
amount of hydrogen with an extra electron, to neutralize damaging free radicals
, which cause DNA damage, diseases and ageing.
It holds high amounts
of silver colloids , is highly sunbathed and oxygenated , and is indeed
bio-energised miracle water.
Low surface tension
water ( normal is 73 dynes ) can store information for healing in its vibratory
structure. It easily penetrates the 75 trillion cells and mitochondrial
membranes, to supply nutrients and flush away toxins.
As we grow old our
bodies are NOT able to absorb water into the cells. We are more than 70% of
water.
HINDUS ARE NOT SAVAGES
TO DRINK GANGES RIVER WATER- AS KOSHER CUNTS LIKE JACK DORSEY, MARK ZUCKERBERG AND ANGELO D ADAMS THINK
An antibiotic is a
chemical made by certain bacteria (or fungi) that either kills other bacteria
or inhibits their growth or reproduction. Doctors prescribe antibiotics to
destroy harmful bacteria that are causing disease.
Soil is a wonderful source
of bacteria that can make new antibiotics which can kill bacteria in human body
which are resistant to antibotics medicines.
Some antibiotics block
the production of the cell wall in bacteria. Human cells don't have a cell
wall, so they are unharmed by the chemicals. We need to repeatedly find new
antibiotics because of a phenomenon known as antibiotic resistance. In this
situation, an antibiotic that once killed a harmful bacterium no longer works.
The microbe is said to have become resistant to the chemical. Antibiotic
resistance develops due to genetic changes in bacteria. These changes are a
natural part of a bacterium's life.
Transfer of genes from one individual to another, mutations (alterations in genes), and transfer of genes by viruses that infect bacteria give the microbes new characteristics. It also means that the members of a bacterial population are not completely identical genetically.
Transfer of genes from one individual to another, mutations (alterations in genes), and transfer of genes by viruses that infect bacteria give the microbes new characteristics. It also means that the members of a bacterial population are not completely identical genetically.
When a bacterial
population is attacked by an antibiotic, many of the bacteria may be killed.
Some members of the population may survive because they have a gene (or genes)
that enables them to resist the attack, however. When these resistant bacteria
reproduce, some of their offspring will also have the helpful gene. A large
population of resistant organisms may eventually form.
Antibiotic resistance
is very worrying. If we can't find new ways to kill bacteria, some infections
may become untreatable. Some serious diseases have already become much harder
to treat. The search for new antibiotics made by soil bacteria is therefore
very important.
MRSA stands for
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. This bacterium produces a very
problematic infection because it's resistant to many common antibiotics. The
infection can still be treated, but the treatment is often difficult because
the number of drugs that affects the bacterium is decreasing.
Healthy soil is a rich
source of bacteria. A significant number of these microbes might produce
chemicals that could be used as human medicines.
One of the most useful
abilities of bacteria as far as humans are concerned is to make antibiotics. An
antibiotic is a chemical made by certain bacteria (or fungi) that either kills
other bacteria or inhibits their growth or reproduction. Doctors prescribe
antibiotics to destroy harmful bacteria that are causing disease.
Soils supply plants
with nutrients, most of which are held in place by particles of clay and
organic matter (colloids). The
nutrients may be aDsorbed on clay mineral surfaces, bound within clay minerals
(absorbed), or bound within organic compounds as part of the living organisms
or dead soil organic matter.
These bound nutrients interact with soil water to
buffer the soil solution composition (attenuate changes in the soil solution)
as soils wet up or dry out, as plants take up nutrients, as salts are leached,
or as acids or alkalis are added.
Biochar removes organic
micropollutants from water via adsorption.
INDIANS HAVE BEEN
BURNING CROP STUBBLE SINCE TIME IMMEMORIAL..
INDIANS WERE VEGANS AND WERE THE
FIRST TO DO ORGANIC AGRICULTURE TO PRODUCE GRAIN AND PULSES.
Fire is a powerful regenerating force. This
is why prescribed burns are useful management tools in forests and rangelands
to clear out old growth, stimulate new growth and recycle nutrients.
The microorganisms that
are killed by fire near the soil surface, where temperatures are greatest
during a fire, become food for the survivors that escape by living deeper down
or by being protected within the occasional soil aggregate (bound-up clusters
of soil particles that may encase microbes and protect them from high
temperatures).
WHAT MUST BE REMEMBERED
DURING A FOREST FIRE IS THAT HEAT TRAVELS UPWARDS IN SECONDS, SIDEWAYS IN
MINUTES AND DOWNWARDS IN HOURS..
Soil organic carbon is
the basis of soil fertility. It releases nutrients for plant growth, promotes
the structure, biological and physical health of soil, and is a buffer against
harmful substances..
Organic material is
manufactured by plants using carbon dioxide from the air and water.. Soil
organic carbon tends to be concentrated in the topsoil
CARBON DIOXIDE IS A
LIFE SUSTAINING GAS , NOT A BAD GAS AS PER PROPAGANDA OF “CHAMPION OF EARTH” JEW
DARLING MODI— IN HIS ATTEMPT TO MOTHBALL OUR ENORMOUS RESERVES OF COAL. .
Plants (and animals, as
part of the food chain), die and return to the soil where they are decomposed
and recycled. Minerals are released into the soil and carbon dioxide is
released into the atmosphere.
A fertile and healthy
soil is the basis for healthy plants, animals, and humans. And soil organic
matter is the very foundation for healthy and productive soils.
Without an atmosphere,
the Earth would be a rocky planet with no oceans, clouds or life. The mix of
gases and conditions in the Earth's atmosphere make life possible.
Plants and
animals need the gases in the air to survive, and the protection the atmosphere
provides helps sustain life as well.
Plants use carbon
dioxide to grow and sustain life.
GLOBAL WARMING HAS
NOTHING TO DO WITH CARBON DIXODE.
THIS FOUL LIE IS JUST A RUSE FOR JEWS TO MAKE
MONEY OUT OF THIN AIR BY CARBON TAXES..
CARBON DIOXIDE IS BEING
BRANDED AS A GREENHOUSE GAS SO THAT INDIA WILL MOTHBALL OUR COAL
WATER VAPOUR IS THE MOST DOMIANNT GREENHOUSE GAS .
In Salah in southern
Algeria, a r noon high of 52 degrees Celsius was recorded – by midnight that night at the same place it
was -3.6 degree Celsius.
In Atacama desert noon
temperatures can get as high as 55°C. At night, the temperature fall to -3.3 degree C.
That was caused because
there is no, or very little, water vapour in the atmosphere and it is a
demonstration of water vapour as the most important greenhouse gas. Water in
the ground and in the atmosphere is very good at storing heat from the day and
releasing it slowly over the night, producing milder climates in wetter regions
of the world.
THE PLANET GREENS WHEN
THERE IS MORE CO2 IN THE ATMOSPHERE
When CO₂ levels rise, plants
don’t need to open their “stomata” as much to absorb the same amount of CO₂. This also reduces the
loss of water through the same pores…Both more CO₂ and saving water increases plant growth.
Stomata are small pores in the underside of the leaf that allow gas exchange
where water vapor leaves the plant and carbon dioxide enters. Special cells
called guard cells control each pore’s opening or closing. When stomata are
open, transpiration rates increase; when they are closed, transpiration rates
decrease.
Plants open and close their stomata in response to changes in their
environment so they can get the CO2 they need, and avoid drying out. Plants
need CO2 to enter and O2 to exit. Stomata close when it is dark and dry, unless
carbon dioxide levels inside the leaf start to fall. Plant stomata close in
darkness and when conditions are very dry.
Since plant cells need carbon
dioxide for photosynthesis, carbon dioxide concentrations are another key
factor. If carbon dioxide concentrations inside the leaf start to fall, the
plant will open its stomata so that more CO2 can enter, even under dry
conditions when the stomata would ordinarily be closed.
Falling carbon dioxide
concentrations trigger a biochemical pathway that makes the stomata reopen.
As soil organic matter
decreases, it becomes increasingly difficult to grow plants, because problems
with fertility, water availability, compaction, erosion, parasites, diseases,
and insects become more common. If attention is paid to proper organic matter
management, the soil can support a good crop without the need for artificial
fertilisers and pesticides.
Plants need eighteen
chemical elements for their growth—carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O),
nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), calcium (Ca),
magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), boron (B), zinc (Zn), molybdenum
(Mo), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), and chlorine (Cl).
Plants obtain
carbon as carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen partially as oxygen gas (O2) from the
air. The remaining essential elements are obtained mainly from the soil. The
availability of these nutrients is influenced either directly or indirectly by
the presence of organic matter.
The elements needed in large amounts—carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium,
sulfur—are called macronutrients. The other elements, called micronutrients,
are essential elements needed in small amounts. (Sodium [Na] helps many plants
grow better, but it is not considered essential to plant growth and
reproduction.)
Most of the nutrients
in soil organic matter can’t be used by plants as long as those nutrients exist
as part of large organic molecules. As soil organisms decompose organic or
mineral forms that plants can easily use. This process, called mineralization,
provides much of the nitrogen that plants need by converting it from organic
forms.
For example, proteins are
converted to ammonium (NH4+) and then to nitrate (NO3–). Most plants will take
up the majority of their nitrogen from soils in the form of nitrate. The
mineralization of organic matter is also an important mechanism for supplying
plants with such nutrients as phosphorus and sulfur and most of the
micronutrients. This release of nutrients from organic matter by mineralization
is part of a larger agricultural nutrient cycle
Decomposing organic
matter can feed plants directly, but it also can indirectly benefit the
nutrition of the plant. A number of essential nutrients occur in soils as
positively charged molecules called cations.. As I have explained in great
detail before, the ability of organic matter to hold on to cations in a way
that keeps them available to plants is known as cation exchange capacity (CEC).
Humus has many negative charges
Because opposite
charges attract, humus is able to hold on to positively charged nutrients, such
as calcium (Ca++), potassium (K+), and magnesium (Mg++) (see figure 2.5a). This
keeps them from leaching deep into the subsoil when water moves through the
topsoil.
Nutrients held in this way can be gradually released into the soil
solution and made available to plants throughout the growing season. However,
keep in mind that not all plant nutrients occur as cations. For example, the
nitrate form of nitrogen is negatively charged (NO3–) and is actually repelled
by the negatively charged CEC. Therefore, nitrate leaches easily as water moves
down through the soil and beyond the root zone.
Clay particles also
have negative charges on their surfaces , but organic matter may be the major
source of negative charges for coarse and medium-textured soils.
Organic molecules in
the soil may also hold on to and protect certain nutrients. These particles,
called “chelates” are by-products of the active decomposition of organic
materials and are smaller than the particles that make up humus. In general,
elements are held more strongly by chelates than by binding of positive and
negative charges.
Chelates work well because they bind the nutrient at more
than one location on the organic molecule . In some soils, trace elements, such
as iron, zinc, and manganese, would be converted to unavailable forms if they
were not bound by chelates. It is not uncommon to find low-organic-matter soils
or exposed subsoils deficient in these micronutrients.
Soil organisms are
essential for keeping plants well supplied with nutrients because they break
down organic matter. These organisms make nutrients available by freeing them
from organic molecules. Some bacteria fix nitrogen gas from the atmosphere,
making it available to plants. Other organisms dissolve minerals and make
phosphorus more available. If soil organisms aren’t present and active, more
fertilizers will be needed to supply plant nutrients.
When soil has a favorable
physical condition for growing plants, it is said to have good tilth. Such a
soil is porous and allows water to enter easily, instead of running off the
surface. More water is stored in the soil for plants to use between rains, and
less erosion occurs.
Good tilth also means that the soil is well aerated. Roots
can easily obtain oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide. A porous soil does not
restrict root development and exploration. When a soil has poor tilth, the
soil’s structure deteriorates and soil aggregates break down, causing increased
compaction and decreased aeration and water storage. A soil layer can become so
compacted that roots can’t grow.
A soil with excellent physical properties will
have numerous channels and pores of many different sizes. As organic matter
increases, soils tend to be less compact and have more space for air passage
and water storage. Sticky substances are produced during the decomposition of
plant residues. Along with plant roots and fungal hyphae, they bind mineral
particles together into clumps, or aggregates.
In addition, the sticky
secretions of mycorrhizal fungi—beneficial fungi that enter roots and help
plants get more water and nutrients—are important binding material in soils.
The arrangement and collection of minerals as aggregates and the degree of soil
compaction have huge effects on plant growth. I have explained all this in
great detail before.
JUST NOW I SAW CONGRESS SPOKESMAN PC CHACKO PRAISING THE GREEN REVOLUTION AND WHITE REVOLUTION OF CONGRESS ON TV ..
TRULY SPOKEN LIKE AN IDIOT OF THE FIRST ORDER…
I GUESS HE IS MORE CHRISTIAN THAN INDIAN..
GREEN AND WHITE REVOLUTIONS NEARLY KILLED BHARATMATA..
TELL DUFFER PC CHACKO TO READ THE POSTS BELOW--
https://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2019/03/india-must-revert-to-organic.html
https://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2019/03/india-must-revert-to-organic_26.html
AND HERE IS SOME FACE LOTION FOR HIM-- ( just imagine, i had a soft corner for this FAALTHU fellow )
AAAARRRRGGHH PPTTHHEEOOOYYYYYYY
capt ajit vadakayil
..
PUT ABOVE COMMENT IN WEBSITES OF--
PC CHACKO
PMO
PM MODI
NITI AYOG
AMITABH KANT
COL RATHORE
I&B DEPT
CJI GOGOI
ALL SUPREME COURT JUDGES
ATTORNEY GENERAL
SWAMY
GURUMURTHY
RAJIV MALHOTRA
AJIT DOVAL
RAW
NIA
IB
CBI
ED
RAJNATH SINGH
HOME MINISTRY
RAJEEV CHANDRASHEKHAR
MOHANDAS PAI
RAM MADHAV
RAJ THACKREY
UDDHAV THACKREY
CMs OF ALL INDIAN STATES
DGPs OF ALL STATES
GOVERNORS OF ALL STATES
PRESIDENT OF INDIA
VP OF INDIA
SRI SRI RAVISHANKAR
SADGURU JAGGI VASUDEV
BABA RAMDEV
MATA AMRITANANDA MAYI
SPEAKER LOK SABHA
SPEAKER RAJYA SABHA
EVERY MP OF LOK SABHA AND RAJYA SABHA
EVERY CENTRAL MINISTER / MINISTRY
CUNT AMBUJ SHARMA OF PMO
SOLI BABY
SALVE BABY
FALI BABY
KATJU BABY
KIRON KHER
MEENAKSHI LEKHI
SMRITI IRANI
PC GEORGE
JANAM TV
GEN GD BAKSHI
SAMBIT PATRA
RSN SINGH
SHASHI THAROOR
CHETAN BHAGAT
CLOSET COMMIE ARNAB GOSWMI
RAJDEEP SARDESAI
NAVIKA KUMAR
ZAKKA JACOB
ANAND NARASIMHAN
VIKRAM CHANDRA
NIDHI RAZDAN
PRANNOY JAMES ROY
AROON PURIE
VINEET JAIN
RAGHAV BAHL
SEEMA CHISTI
DILEEP PADGOANKAR
VIR SANGHVI
PRASOON JOSHI
ALL CONGRESS SPOKESMEN
RAHUL GANDHI
SONIA GANDHI
PRIYANKA GANDHI
BARKHA DUTT
SHEKHAR GUPTA
SIDHARTH VARADARAJAN
N RAM
MANI SHANKAR AIYERAN
ROMILA THAPAR
IRFAN HABIB
NIVEDITA MENON
AYESHA KIDWAI
PAVAN VARMA
RAMACHANDRA GUHA
DANIEL RAJA
BRINDA KARAT
PRAKASH KARAT
SITARAM YECHURY
SUMEET CHOPRA
DINESH VARSHNEY
ANNA VETTIKAD
SUDHEENDRA KULKARNI
KANCHA ILAIH
JOHN DAYAL
KAVITA KRISHNAN
TEESTA SETALVAD
SWARA TRRR BHASKAR ( OR IS IT PRRRR ? )
RANA AYYUB
SNEHLA RASHID
PAGALIKA GHOSE
JOHN BRITTAS
KAMALAHASSAN
DILIP CHERIAN
SWAMYs VIRAAT SENA
VC OF JNU
VC OF DU/ JU/ TISS
DEAN OF FTII
IRA BHASKAR
ADMIRAL LN RAMDAS
KAVITA RAMDAS
LALITA RAMDAS
NAYANTARA SEHGAL
RSS
VHP
AVBP
DAVID FRAWLEY
STEPHEN KNAPP
KONRAED ELST
SOUMYA SWAMINANTHAN
MS SWAMINATHAN
JP NADDA
HEALTH MINISTRY
HEALTH MINISTER OF ALL STATES
NCERT
EDUCATION MINISTER
EDUCATION MINISTRY
FOOD MINISTRY OF CENTRE AND STATES
WATER MINISTRY OF CENTRE AND STATES
ALL SUPREME COURT LAWYERS
LAW MINISTER
LAW MINISTRY
COL RATHORE
I&B DEPT
JOHN BRITTAS
SHOBHAA DE
ARUNDHATI ROY
SURESH GOPI
MOHANLAL
DILIP CHERIAN
MANI SHANKAR AIYERAN
SUDHANSHU TRIVEDI
GVL NARASIMHA RAO
SHAINA NC
NALIN KOHLI
RAJIV PRATAP RUDY
MADHAV GADGIL
K KASTURIRANGAN
NGT
ENVIRONMENT MINISTER
ENVIRONMENT MINISTRY
ALL 3 ARMED FORCES CHIEFS
MANEKA GANDHI
EVERY HINDU ORG
JANAM TV
WEBSITES OF DESH BHAKT LEADERS
SPREAD ON SOCIAL MEDIA EVERY WHICH WAY
TRULY SPOKEN LIKE AN IDIOT OF THE FIRST ORDER…
I GUESS HE IS MORE CHRISTIAN THAN INDIAN..
GREEN AND WHITE REVOLUTIONS NEARLY KILLED BHARATMATA..
TELL DUFFER PC CHACKO TO READ THE POSTS BELOW--
https://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2019/03/india-must-revert-to-organic.html
https://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2019/03/india-must-revert-to-organic_26.html
AND HERE IS SOME FACE LOTION FOR HIM-- ( just imagine, i had a soft corner for this FAALTHU fellow )
AAAARRRRGGHH PPTTHHEEOOOYYYYYYY
capt ajit vadakayil
..
PUT ABOVE COMMENT IN WEBSITES OF--
PC CHACKO
PMO
PM MODI
NITI AYOG
AMITABH KANT
COL RATHORE
I&B DEPT
CJI GOGOI
ALL SUPREME COURT JUDGES
ATTORNEY GENERAL
SWAMY
GURUMURTHY
RAJIV MALHOTRA
AJIT DOVAL
RAW
NIA
IB
CBI
ED
RAJNATH SINGH
HOME MINISTRY
RAJEEV CHANDRASHEKHAR
MOHANDAS PAI
RAM MADHAV
RAJ THACKREY
UDDHAV THACKREY
CMs OF ALL INDIAN STATES
DGPs OF ALL STATES
GOVERNORS OF ALL STATES
PRESIDENT OF INDIA
VP OF INDIA
SRI SRI RAVISHANKAR
SADGURU JAGGI VASUDEV
BABA RAMDEV
MATA AMRITANANDA MAYI
SPEAKER LOK SABHA
SPEAKER RAJYA SABHA
EVERY MP OF LOK SABHA AND RAJYA SABHA
EVERY CENTRAL MINISTER / MINISTRY
CUNT AMBUJ SHARMA OF PMO
SOLI BABY
SALVE BABY
FALI BABY
KATJU BABY
KIRON KHER
MEENAKSHI LEKHI
SMRITI IRANI
PC GEORGE
JANAM TV
GEN GD BAKSHI
SAMBIT PATRA
RSN SINGH
SHASHI THAROOR
CHETAN BHAGAT
CLOSET COMMIE ARNAB GOSWMI
RAJDEEP SARDESAI
NAVIKA KUMAR
ZAKKA JACOB
ANAND NARASIMHAN
VIKRAM CHANDRA
NIDHI RAZDAN
PRANNOY JAMES ROY
AROON PURIE
VINEET JAIN
RAGHAV BAHL
SEEMA CHISTI
DILEEP PADGOANKAR
VIR SANGHVI
PRASOON JOSHI
ALL CONGRESS SPOKESMEN
RAHUL GANDHI
SONIA GANDHI
PRIYANKA GANDHI
BARKHA DUTT
SHEKHAR GUPTA
SIDHARTH VARADARAJAN
N RAM
MANI SHANKAR AIYERAN
ROMILA THAPAR
IRFAN HABIB
NIVEDITA MENON
AYESHA KIDWAI
PAVAN VARMA
RAMACHANDRA GUHA
DANIEL RAJA
BRINDA KARAT
PRAKASH KARAT
SITARAM YECHURY
SUMEET CHOPRA
DINESH VARSHNEY
ANNA VETTIKAD
SUDHEENDRA KULKARNI
KANCHA ILAIH
JOHN DAYAL
KAVITA KRISHNAN
TEESTA SETALVAD
SWARA TRRR BHASKAR ( OR IS IT PRRRR ? )
RANA AYYUB
SNEHLA RASHID
PAGALIKA GHOSE
JOHN BRITTAS
KAMALAHASSAN
DILIP CHERIAN
SWAMYs VIRAAT SENA
VC OF JNU
VC OF DU/ JU/ TISS
DEAN OF FTII
IRA BHASKAR
ADMIRAL LN RAMDAS
KAVITA RAMDAS
LALITA RAMDAS
NAYANTARA SEHGAL
RSS
VHP
AVBP
DAVID FRAWLEY
STEPHEN KNAPP
KONRAED ELST
SOUMYA SWAMINANTHAN
MS SWAMINATHAN
JP NADDA
HEALTH MINISTRY
HEALTH MINISTER OF ALL STATES
NCERT
EDUCATION MINISTER
EDUCATION MINISTRY
FOOD MINISTRY OF CENTRE AND STATES
WATER MINISTRY OF CENTRE AND STATES
ALL SUPREME COURT LAWYERS
LAW MINISTER
LAW MINISTRY
COL RATHORE
I&B DEPT
JOHN BRITTAS
SHOBHAA DE
ARUNDHATI ROY
SURESH GOPI
MOHANLAL
DILIP CHERIAN
MANI SHANKAR AIYERAN
SUDHANSHU TRIVEDI
GVL NARASIMHA RAO
SHAINA NC
NALIN KOHLI
RAJIV PRATAP RUDY
MADHAV GADGIL
K KASTURIRANGAN
NGT
ENVIRONMENT MINISTER
ENVIRONMENT MINISTRY
ALL 3 ARMED FORCES CHIEFS
MANEKA GANDHI
EVERY HINDU ORG
JANAM TV
WEBSITES OF DESH BHAKT LEADERS
SPREAD ON SOCIAL MEDIA EVERY WHICH WAY
https://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2019/03/questions-from-capt-ajit-vadakayil-for.html
https://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2019/03/india-must-revert-to-organic_26.html
SEND ABOVE LINKS TO VANDANA SHIVA..
TELL HER, CAPT AJIT VADAKAYIL SAYS THAT--
" VANDANA SHIVA MUST INCREASE THE SIZE OF HER BINDI -- TO DOUBLE-- , TO IMPROVE HER PERSONALITY .. NEVER MIND IF HER FOREHEAD IS COMPLETELY COVERED BY IT "
capt ajit vadakayil
..
https://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2019/03/india-must-revert-to-organic_26.html
SEND ABOVE LINKS TO VANDANA SHIVA..
TELL HER, CAPT AJIT VADAKAYIL SAYS THAT--
" VANDANA SHIVA MUST INCREASE THE SIZE OF HER BINDI -- TO DOUBLE-- , TO IMPROVE HER PERSONALITY .. NEVER MIND IF HER FOREHEAD IS COMPLETELY COVERED BY IT "
capt ajit vadakayil
..
SOMEBODY ASKED ME
WHAT WAS THE REASON FOR THAT SWIPE AT VANDANA SHIVA
WELL , SHE IS THE “CATs WHISKERS “ IN THE FIELD OF ORGANIC FARMING..
She received the Right Livelihood Award in 1993, an honor known as an "Alternative Nobel Prize".
IF I WERE TO PUT HER THROUGH AN OBJECTIVE EXAM ON BASICS , SHE WONT EVEN SCORE 3%..
Capt ajit vadakayil
..
WHAT WAS THE REASON FOR THAT SWIPE AT VANDANA SHIVA
WELL , SHE IS THE “CATs WHISKERS “ IN THE FIELD OF ORGANIC FARMING..
She received the Right Livelihood Award in 1993, an honor known as an "Alternative Nobel Prize".
IF I WERE TO PUT HER THROUGH AN OBJECTIVE EXAM ON BASICS , SHE WONT EVEN SCORE 3%..
Capt ajit vadakayil
..
Degradation and
sorption are both factors which influence the persistence of pesticides in
soil. Depending on the chemical nature of the pesticide, such processes control
directly the transportation from soil to water, and in turn to air and our
food.
Breaking down organic substances, degradation, involves interactions
among microorganisms in the soil. Sorption affects bioaccumulation of
pesticides which are dependent on organic matter in the soil. Weak organic
acids have been shown to be weakly sorbed by soil, because of pH and mostly
acidic structure. Sorbed chemicals have been shown to be less accessible to
microorganisms.
Nitrogen fixation,
which is required for the growth of higher plants, is hindered by pesticides in
soil. The insecticides DDT, methyl parathion, and especially pentachlorophenol
have been shown to interfere with legume-rhizobium chemical signaling.
Reduction of this symbiotic chemical signaling results in reduced nitrogen
fixation and thus reduced crop yields.
Pesticides can kill
bees and are strongly implicated in pollinator decline, the loss of species
that pollinate plants, including through the mechanism of Colony Collapse
Disorder, in which worker bees from a beehive or western honey bee colony
abruptly disappear.
Application of pesticides to crops that are in bloom can
kill honeybees, which act as pollinators. The, pesticides have direct harmful
effect on plant including poor root hair development, shoot yellowing and
reduced plant growth.
Rhizosphere is the area
around a plant root that is inhabited by a unique population of microorganisms
influenced, by the chemicals released
from plant roots.
The rhizosphere an
information super highway, for transferring data using exudates and
communities.
Plant roots penetrate
soil horizons and open channels upon decomposition. Plants with deep taproots
can penetrate many metres through the different soil layers to bring up
nutrients from deeper in the profile.
Plants have fine roots that excrete organic compounds (sugars, organic
acids, mucigel), slough off cells (in particular at their tip) and are easily
decomposed, adding organic matter to soil, a process called rhizodeposition.
Rhizodeposition as all material lost from plant roots,
including water-soluble exudates, secretions of insoluble materials, lysates,
dead fine roots, and gases, such as CO2 and ethylene he sources of organic
C-input from roots can be divided into two main groups: ---(1) water-soluble
exudates, for example sugars, amino acids, organic acids, and so on; and (2)
water-insoluble materials, for example sloughed cells and mucilage. Materials
in the first group are rapidly metabolized by rhizosphere microorganisms.
There
are three sources of CO2 released by a system of living roots and soil: ---(1)
root respiration; (2) microbial respiration utilizing root-derived materials
(rhizo-microbial respiration); and (3) microbial respiration using original
soil carbon. This intimate association of root respiration and exudation with
rhizo-microbial respiration has made studies of root respiration, root
exudation, and rhizo-microbial respiration in natural soils very difficult.
The growth of roots
through the soil stimulates microbial populations, stimulating in turn the
activity of their predators (notably amoeba), thereby increasing the
mineralization rate, and in last turn root growth, a positive feedback called
the soil microbial loop.
Out of root
influence, in the bulk soil, most bacteria are in a quiescent stage, forming
microaggregates, i.e. mucilaginous colonies to which clay particles are glued,
offering them a protection against desiccation and predation by soil microfauna
(bacteriophagous protozoa and nematodes). Microaggregates are ingested by soil
mesofauna and macrofauna, and bacterial bodies are partly or totally digested
in their guts.
Sand is least active,
having the least specific surface area, followed by silt; clay is the most
active. Sand's greatest benefit to soil is that it resists compaction and
increases soil porosity, although this property stands only for pure sand, not
for sand mixed with smaller minerals which fill the voids among sand grains.
Silt is mineralogically like sand but with its higher specific surface area it
is more chemically and physically active than sand.
But it is the clay content
of soil, with its very high specific surface area and generally large number of
negative charges, that gives a soil its high retention capacity for water and
nutrients. Clay soils also resist wind and water erosion better than silty and
sandy soils, as the particles bond tightly to each other,and that with a strong
mitigation effect of organic matter.
When the organic
component of a soil is substantial, the soil is called organic soil rather than
mineral soil. A soil is called organic if:--
Mineral fraction is 0%
clay and organic matter is 20% or more
Mineral fraction is 0%
to 50% clay and organic matter is between 20% and 30%
Mineral fraction is 50%
or more clay
Many of the chemicals
used in pesticides are persistent soil contaminants, whose impact endure for
decades and adversely affect soil conservation.
The use of pesticides
decreases the general biodiversity in the soil. Not using the chemicals results
in higher soil qualit with the additional effect that more organic matter in
the soil allows for higher water retention.
This helps increase yields for
farms in drought years, when organic farms have had yields 40% higher than
their conventional counterparts. A smaller content of organic matter in the
soil increases the amount of pesticide that will leave the area of application,
because organic matter binds to and helps break down pesticides.
-
S0MEONE ASKED ME..
DID MORARJEE DESAI DRINK HIS OWN URINE?..
BALLS TO THAT GUJJU CUNT..
NOWHERE IS IT WRITTEN IN AYURVEDA THAT HUMAN URINE CAN BE DRUNK..
HUMAN URINE ( UNLIKE HUMPED COW URINE ) IS TOXIC WASTE..
HUMPLESS COW URINE IS TOXIC WASTE..
It was the white Christian invader who created false texts by forcing Sanskrit pandits to inject poison into a Sanskrit text by the name of DAMAR TANTRA . They put in contains 107 stanzas on the benefits of drinking one's own urine.
These morons don’t realize in Hinduism nobody writes 107 stanzas, they will put in 108. These immoral white men have even gone ahead and written texts in a most foul manner on the benefits of eating dead rotting flesh and feces -- all in the name of Tantra.
They even established that Lord Shiva is an AGHORI, a corpse eater lurking in the cremation yards , foraging for dead rotting flesh.
Humped cow’s urine is a potent electrolyte. Here is an experiment for you to do at home. You can run an clock using cow urine without help of normal batteries. Connect two thin sheets of copper and zinc ( cathode and anode ) dipped in cow urine to the clock with wires—and the clock will run for 6 months.
The power of cow’s urine is not in the chemicals and minerals alone, but also lies in the potency as an electrolyte.
The quantum action lies in drinking the cow’s urine within 120 seconds of the cow pissing it out. Just make sure the cow is not pregnant, healthy and does NOT eat plastics on the road side.
And most important, there is a spiritual aspect. This cow must be of Indian breed – meaning it MUST have a hump. Sorry, foreign cows.
avyam pavitram ca rasayanam ca pathyam ca hrdyam balam buddhi syata
Aayuh pradam rakt vikar hari tridosh hridrog vishapaham syata
Sanjivani Translation: Cow urine is great elixir, proper diet, pleasing to heart, giver of mental and physical strength, enhances longevity. It balances bile, mucous and airs. Remover of heart diseases and effect of poison.
Mutreshu, gaumutram gunto Adhikam. Avisheshat kathane, mutram gaumutramucchyate.
Translation: Amongst all urines, cow urine alone is best.
The ancient 7000 year old holy texts, like Atharva Veda, Charaka Samhita, Rajni Ghuntu, Vridhabhagabhatt, Amritasagar, Bhavaprakash, Sushruta Samhita, etc., contain lucid descriptions about the medicinal benefits of cow urine.
Let me introduce some science into the effects of cow’s urine.
Each individual human cell possesses two characteristics – capacitance and inductance , which are the elements of a tuned circuit. The fresh urine of the cow holds scalar healing energy. Healing energy which produces tiny eddy currents in body tissue.
Cancer cells are almost without exception, low voltage cells, in the 15-20 milli-volt range. The optimum cell voltage for most cells in the body is in the 70-90 milli-volt range. As cell voltage starts to drop into the range where the very survival of the cell may be called into question, the cell begins to proliferate uncontrollably in an attempt to guarantee its own “survival.” This is what cancer is all about in a nutshell.
If you raise cell voltage , the cell no longer needs to proliferate wildly. In effect, it can become “normal” again. The implications for this in treating cancer could be profound . There is an increase of overall body energy levels thus increasing cellular energy for trillions of cells to the ideal 70-90 milli-volt range. Increase of energy covalent level of every single hydrogen atom in the body can be verified by spectrographs.
CONTINUED TO 2--
Soil aggregates are
clumps of soil particles that are held together by moist clay, organic matter
(like roots), gums (from bacteria and fungi) and by fungal hyphae. The
aggregates are relatively stable oil pores are the spaces between soil
particles and between soil aggregates. They can be full of air or they can have
water in them.
A polysaccharide is an organic compound composed of many simple
carbon compounds, identical to each other, joined together in a long chain.
They are released into the soil by microorganisms and roots. Polysaccharides
are long and flexible and they can make points of contact with many soil
particles. In this way they have been associated with the formation of
aggregates in soil.
Firstly, bacteria produce polysaccharides which can make
many points of contact with soil particles producing aggregates. Unlike the
polysaccharides produced by plant roots, bacterial polysaccharides resist
decomposition long enough to be involved in holding soil particles together in
aggregates.
Secondly, bacteria develop a small electrostatic charge which
attracts to the electrostatic charge on clay surfaces, bringing together small
aggregates of soil.
Water is essential to
plants for four reasons:--
It constitutes 80%-95%
of the plant's protoplasm.
It is essential for
photosynthesis.
It is the solvent in
which nutrients are carried to, into and throughout the plant.
It provides the
turgidity by which the plant keeps itself in proper position.
Soil bulk density is
equal to the dry mass of the soil divided by the volume of the soil; i.e., it
includes air space and organic materials of the soil volume. Thereby soil bulk
density is always less than soil particle density and is a good indicator of
soil compaction
Water moves in soil
under the influence of gravity, osmosis and capillarity.When water enters the
soil, it displaces air from interconnected macropores by buoyancy, and breaks
aggregates into which air is entrapped, a process called slaking.
The rate at which a
soil can absorb water depends on the soil and its other conditions. As a plant
grows, its roots remove water from the largest pores (macropores) first. Soon
the larger pores hold only air, and the remaining water is found only in the
intermediate- and smallest-sized pores (micropores).
The water in the smallest
pores is so strongly held to particle surfaces that plant roots cannot pull it
away. Consequently, not all soil water is available to plants, with a strong
dependence on texture.When saturated, the soil may lose nutrients as the water
drains.
Water moves in a draining field under the influence of pressure where
the soil is locally saturated and by capillarity pull to drier parts of the
soil. Most plant water needs are
supplied from the suction caused by evaporation from plant leaves
(transpiration) and a lower fraction is supplied by suction created by osmotic
pressure differences between the plant interior and the soil solution.
Plant roots must seek out water and grow
preferentially in moister soil microsites, but some parts of the root system
are also able to remoisten dry parts of the soil. Insufficient water will
damage the yield of a crop. Most of the
available water is used in transpiration to pull nutrients into the plant.
Water is retained in a
soil when the adhesive force of attraction that water's hydrogen atoms have for
the oxygen of soil particles is stronger than the cohesive forces that water's
hydrogen feels for other water oxygen atoms.
When a field is flooded, the soil pore space is completely filled by
water. The field will drain under the force of gravity until it reaches what is
called field capacity, at which point the smallest pores are filled with water
and the largest with water and gases.
The total amount of water held when field
capacity is reached is a function of the specific surface area of the soil
particles. As a result, high clay and
high organic soils have higher field capacities. The total force required to pull or push
water out of soil is termed suction and usually expressed in units of bars which is just a little less than
one-atmosphere pressure. Alternatively, the terms "soil moisture
tension" or water potential may be used.
Water potential is the
potential energy of water per unit volume relative to pure water in reference
conditions. Water potential quantifies the tendency of water to move from one
area to another due to osmosis, gravity, mechanical pressure, or matrix effects
such as capillary action (which is caused by surface tension).
If flow is not
restricted, water will move from an area of higher water potential to an area
that is lower potential. With no
restriction on flow, water will move from the locus of greater potential (pure
water) to the locus of lesser (the solution); flow proceeds until the
difference in potential is equalized or balanced by another water potential
factor, such as pressure or elevation.
A soil solution experiences osmotic potential. The osmotic
potential is made possible due to the presence of both inorganic and organic
solutes in the soil solution. As water molecules increasingly clump around
solute ions or molecules, the freedom of movement, and thus the potential
energy, of the water is lowered.
As the concentration of solutes is increased,
the osmotic potential of the soil solution is reduced. Since water has a
tendency to move toward lower energy levels, water will want to travel toward
the zone of higher solute concentrations. Although, liquid water will only move
in response to such differences in osmotic potential if a semipermeable
membrane exists between the zones of high and low osmotic potential.
A
semipermeable membrane is necessary because it allows water through its
membrane while preventing solutes from moving through its membrane. If no membrane
is present, movement of the solute, rather than of the water, largely equalizes
concentrations.
Since regions of soil
are usually not divided by a semipermeable membrane, the osmotic potential
typically has a negligible influence on the mass movement of water in soils. On
the other hand, osmotic potential has an extreme influence on the rate of water
uptake by plants.
If soils are high in soluble salts, the osmotic potential is
likely to be lower in the soil solution than in the plant root cells. In such
cases, the soil solution would severely restrict the rate of water uptake by
plants. In salty soils, the osmotic potential of soil water may be so low that
the cells in young seedlings start to collapse (plasmolyze).
When water is in
contact with solid particles (e.g., clay or sand particles within soil),
adhesive intermolecular forces between the water and the solid can be large and
important. The forces between the water molecules and the solid particles in
combination with attraction among water molecules promote surface tension and
the formation of menisci within the solid matrix.
Force is then required to
break these menisci. The magnitude of matrix potential depends on the distances
between solid particles—the width of the menisci (also capillary action and
differing Pa at ends of capillary)—and the chemical composition of the solid
matrix (meniscus, macroscopic motion due to ionic attraction).
The matrix potential is
always negative because the water attracted by the soil matrix has an energy
state lower than that of pure water. Matrix potential only occurs in
unsaturated soil above the water table. If the matrix potential approaches a
value of zero, nearly all soil pores are completely filled with water, i.e.
fully saturated and at maximum retentive capacity.
The matrix potential can
vary considerably among soils. In the case that water drains into less-moist
soil zones of similar porosity, the matrix potential is generally in the range
of −10 to −30 kPa.
1 Atmos= 760mm HG=
29.92 inch HG= 33.899 feet FW= 1.033 kg/cm2=
14.69 psi= 1.0133 bars= 101.3 kPa (KN m2)= 1013.3 HPa (mb)
1 kpa= 102 mm aq, 1 kg= 100 kpa, 1 mpa= 10 kg.
CRYING BOLLYWOOD SUPERSTAR— SANS BASIC UNDERSTANDING OF DARCYs LAW !!
IN USA AND EUROPE VAPOR RETURN CALCULATION
WERE WRONG…
SOME CUNT STARTED A MINDLESS METHOD AND ALL
WERE FOLLOWING THAT TILL BAAD BOY VADAKAYIL STOPPED IT QUOTING DARCYs LAW..
CALCULATIONS IN THIS POST WILL MAKE ALL IIT
PROFESSORS SCRATCH THEIR BOTTOM ORIFICES AND SMELL IT FOR GOOD MEASURE ..
MIND YOU , WE ARE DEALING WITH HIGHLY TOXIC ,
AND CARCINOGENIC GASES.. THERE IS NO ROOM FOR ERROR.
WE ASK THE MODI GOVT
NOT TO ALLOW PUBLICITY KA BHOOKA BOLLYWOOD SUPERSTARS AND CONMEN LIKE SRI SRI
RAVISHANKAR AND SADGURU JAGGI VASUDEV TO DABBLE IN HYDROGEOLOGY ..
THIS IS A COMPLICATED MATER FOR THE BRIGHTEST
MINDS OF INDIA..
Darcy's law is an
equation that describes the flow of a fluid through a porous medium. The law
was formulated by Henry Darcy based on the results of experiments on the flow of water through beds of sand, forming
the basis of hydrogeology.
AT SEA, CAPT AJIT
VADAKAYIL IS KNOWN AS THE "UNIVERSAL WATER SEEKING YOUR LEVEL"
I DONT REVEAL MY THINKING PROCESSES . LUMP IT OR LEAVE IT ..
YOU GET TO SEE IT NOW , BECAUSE THIS POST IS FOR HCD ( NO LCD -- LOWEST COMMON DENOMINATOR DIMWITS )
Soil is made up of
small particles, providing lots of surfaces that will bind water. This binding
is highly dependent on soil type. For example, sandy soil has large particles
which provide less surface binding sites, while a silt loam has smaller
particles and more surface binding sites.
Matric potential is
always negative or zero, and is the most significant component of soil water
potential in unsaturated conditions.
Matric potential arises
because water is attracted to most surfaces through hydrogen bonding and van
der Waals forces. This water droplet is pure but no longer free. The matric
forces that bind it to the plastic have lowered its potential and you would
have to use some energy to remove it from the surface and take it to a pool of
pure, free water.
Osmotic potential
describes the dilution and binding of water by solutes that are dissolved in
the water. This potential is also always negative.
Osmotic potential only
affects the system if there is a semi-permeable barrier that blocks the passage
of solutes. This is actually quite common in nature. For example, plant roots
allow water to pass but block most solutes. Cell membranes also form a
semi-permeable barrier.
A less obvious example is the air-water interface,
where water can pass into air in the vapor phase, but salts are left behind.
Gravitational potential arises because of water’s location in a gravitational
field.
It can be positive or negative depending on where you are in relation to
the specified reference of pure, free water at the soil surface Pressure
potential is a hydrostatic or pneumatic pressure being applied to or pulled on
the water. It is a more macroscopic
effect acting throughout a larger region of the system.
There are several
examples of positive pressure potential in the natural environment.
For example, there is a
positive pressure present below the surface of any groundwater. You can feel
this pressure yourself as you swim down into a lake or pool. Similarly, a
pressure head or positive pressure potential develops as you move below the
water table.
Though pressure potential is usually positive, there are important
cases where it is not. One is found in plants, where a negative pressure
potential in the xylem draws water from the soil up through the roots and into
the leaves.
At a potential of 0
kPa, soil is in a state of saturation. At saturation, all soil pores are filled
with water, and water typically drains from large pores by gravity. At a
potential of −33 kPa, or −1/3 bar, (−10 kPa for sand), soil is at field capacity.
Typically, at field capacity, air is in the macropores and water in micropores.
Field capacity is viewed as the optimal condition for plant growth and
microbial activity. At a potential of −1500 kPa, soil is at its permanent
wilting point, meaning that soil water is held by solid particles as a
"water film" that is retained too tightly to be taken up by plants.
In contrast,
atmospheric water potentials are much more negative—a typical value for dry air
is −100 MPa, though this value depends on the temperature and the humidity.
Root water potential
must be more negative than the soil, and the stem water potential and
intermediate lower value than the roots but higher than the leaf water
potential, to create a passive flow of water from the soil to the roots, up the
stem, to the leaves and then into the atmosphere.
The forces with which
water is held in soils determine its availability to plants. Forces of adhesion
hold water strongly to mineral and humus surfaces and less strongly to itself
by cohesive forces. A plant's root may penetrate a very small volume of water
that is adhering to soil and be initially able to draw in water that is only
lightly held by the cohesive forces.
But as the droplet is drawn down, the
forces of adhesion of the water for the soil particles produce increasingly
higher suction, finally up to 15 bar.At 15 bar suction, the soil water amount
is called wilting point.
At that suction the plant cannot sustain its water
needs as water is still being lost from the plant by transpiration, the plant's
turgidity is lost, and it wilts, although stomatal closure may decrease
transpiration and thus may retard wilting below the wilting point, in
particular under adaptation or acclimatization to drought.
The next level,
called air-dry, occurs at 1000 bar suction. Finally the oven dry condition is
reached at 10,000 bar suction. All water below wilting percentage is called
unavailable water.
When the soil moisture
content is optimal for plant growth, the water in the large and intermediate
size pores can move about in the soil and be easily used by plants. The amount
of water remaining in a soil drained to field capacity and the amount that is
available are functions of the soil type. Sandy soil will retain very little
water, while clay will hold the maximum amount.
Water moves through
soil due to the force of gravity, osmosis and capillarity. At zero to one-third
bar suction, water is pushed through soil from the point of its application
under the force of gravity and the pressure gradient created by the pressure of
the water; this is called saturated flow. At higher suction, water movement is
pulled by capillarity from wetter toward drier soil. This is caused by water's
adhesion to soil solids, and is called unsaturated flow.
Warm soils take in
water faster. Water flows through the
ground unevenly, in the form of so-called "gravity fingers", because
of the surface tension between water particles.
Tree roots, whether
living or dead, create preferential channels for rainwater flow through soil,
magnifying infiltration rates of water up to 28 times.
Flooding temporarily
increases soil permeability in river beds, helping to recharge aquifers.
Water applied to a soil
is pushed by pressure gradients from the point of its application where it is
saturated locally, to less saturated areas, such as the vadose zone.
The vadose
zone, also termed the unsaturated zone, is the part of Earth between the land
surface and the top of the phreatic zone, the position at which the groundwater
(the water in the soil's pores) is at atmospheric pressure . Hence, the vadose
zone extends from the top of the ground surface to the water table.
Water in
the vadose zone has a pressure head less than atmospheric pressure, and is
retained by a combination of adhesion (funiculary groundwater), and capillary
action (capillary groundwater). If the vadose zone envelops soil, the water
contained therein is termed soil moisture.
In fine grained soils, capillary
action can cause the pores of the soil to be fully saturated above the water
table at a pressure less than atmospheric. The vadose zone does not include the
area that is still saturated above the water table, often referred to as the
capillary fringe.
Once soil is completely
wetted, any more water will move downward, or percolate out of the range of
plant roots, carrying with it clay, humus, nutrients, primarily cations, and
various contaminants, including pesticides, pollutants, viruses and bacteria,
potentially causing groundwater contamination.
Soil physics
(Darcy-type model) predicts that at suctions less than one-third bar, water
moves theoretically in all directions via unsaturated flow at a rate that is
dependent on the square of the diameter of the water-filled pores.
Preferential
flow occurs along interconnected macropores, crevices, root and worm channels,
which drain water under gravity. Water is also pulled by capillary action due
to the adhesion force of water to the soil solids, producing a suction gradient
from wet towards drier soil and from macropores to micropores.
Water flow (also
called hydraulic conductivity) is primarily from coarse-textured soil into
fine-textured soil horizons and is slowest in fine-textured soils such as clay.
Groundwater recharge,
which is an important process that refills aquifers, generally occurs through
the vadose zone from precipitation.
Of equal importance to
the storage and movement of water in soil is the means by which plants acquire
it and their nutrients. Most soil water is taken up by plants as passive
absorption caused by the pulling force of water evaporating (transpiring) from
the long column of water (xylem sap flow) that leads from the plant's roots to
its leaves, according to the cohesion-tension theory.
The upward movement of water and solutes
(hydraulic lift) is regulated in the roots by the endodermis and in the plant foliage by stomatal
conductance, and can be interrupted in root and shoot xylem vessels by cavitation,
also called xylem embolism. In addition,
the high concentration of salts within plant roots creates an osmotic pressure
gradient that pushes soil water into the roots.
Osmotic absorption becomes more important
during times of low water transpiration caused by lower temperatures (for
example at night) or high humidity, and the reverse occurs under high
temperature or low humidity. It is these process that cause guttation and wilting,
respectively.
Root extension is vital
for plant survival. Root architecture,
i.e. the spatial configuration of the root system, plays a prominent role in
the adaptation of plants to soil water and nutrient availabiity, and thus in
plant productivity.
Roots must seek out
water as the unsaturated flow of water in soil can move only at a rate of up to
one inch per day; as a result they are constantly dying and growing as they
seek out high concentrations of soil moisture. Insufficient soil moisture, to the point of
causing wilting, will cause permanent damage and crop yields will suffer.
Only a small fraction
(0.1% to 1%) of the water used by a plant is held within the plant. The majority
is ultimately lost via transpiration, while evaporation from the soil surface
is also substantial, the transpiration : evaporation ratio varying according to
vegetation type and climate, peaking in tropical rainforests and dipping in
steppes and deserts.
Transpiration plus evaporative soil moisture loss is
called evapotranspiration. Evapotranspiration plus water held in the plant
totals to consumptive use, which is nearly identical to evapotranspiration.
Evaporation accounts
for the movement of water to the air from sources such as the soil, canopy
interception, and waterbodies. Transpiration accounts for the movement of water
within a plant and the subsequent loss of water as vapor through stomata in its
leaves. Evapotranspiration is an important part of the water cycle.
Evapotranspiration is a significant water loss from drainage basins. Types of
vegetation and land use significantly affect evapotranspiration, and therefore
the amount of water leaving a drainage basin. Because water transpired through
leaves comes from the roots, plants with deep reaching roots can more
constantly transpire water.
Factors that affect evapotranspiration include the
plant's growth stage or level of maturity, percentage of soil cover, solar
radiation, humidity, temperature, and wind.
Through
evapotranspiration, forests reduce water yield, except in unique ecosystems
called cloud forests. Trees in cloud forests collect the liquid water in fog or
low clouds onto their surface, which drips down to the ground. These trees still
contribute to evapotranspiration, but often collect more water than they
evaporate or transpire.
Potential
evapotranspiration is higher in the summer, on less cloudy days, and closer to
the equator, because of the higher levels of solar radiation that provides the
energy for evaporation. Potential evapotranspiration is also higher on windy
days because the evaporated moisture can be quickly moved from the ground or
plant surface, allowing more evaporation to fill its place.
Soil pH is a measure of
the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a soil.
The optimum pH range
for most plants is between 5.5 and 7.5
Many processes
contribute to soil acidification.
These include:--
Rainfall: Acid soils
are most often found in areas of high rainfall. Rainwater has a slightly acidic
pH (usually about 5.7) due to a reaction with CO2 in the atmosphere that forms
carbonic acid. When this water flows through soil it results in the leaching of
basic cations from the soil as bicarbonates; this increases the percentage of
Al3+ and H+ relative to other cations.
Root respiration and
decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms releases CO2 which increases
the carbonic acid .
Plants take up
nutrients in the form of ions and they often take up more cations than anions.
However plants must maintain a neutral charge in their roots. In order to
compensate for the extra positive charge, they will release H+ ions from the root. Some plants also exude
organic acids into the soil to acidify the zone around their roots to help
solubilize metal nutrients that are insoluble at neutral pH, such as iron (Fe).
Fertilizers react in
the soil by the process of nitrification to form nitrate and in the process release H+ ions.
The accumulation of
alkalinity in a soil (as carbonates and bicarbonates of Na, K, Ca and Mg)
occurs when there is insufficient water flowing through the soils to leach
soluble salts. This may be due to arid conditions, or poor internal soil
drainage; in these situations most of the water that enters the soil is
transpired (taken up by plants) or evaporates, rather than flowing through the
soil.
The soil pH usually
increases when the total alkalinity increases, but the balance of the added
cations also has a marked effect on the soil pH. For example, increasing the
amount of sodium in an alkaline soil tends to induce dissolution of calcium
carbonate, which increases the pH.
Plants grown in acid
soils can experience a variety of stresses including aluminium (Al), hydrogen
(H), and/or manganese (Mn) toxicity, as well as nutrient deficiencies of
calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg).
Aluminium toxicity is
the most widespread problem in acid soils. Aluminium is present in all soils,
but dissolved Al3+ is toxic to plants; Al3+ is most soluble at low pH; above pH
5.0, there is little Al in soluble form in most soils.
Aluminium is not a plant
nutrient, and as such, is not actively taken up by the plants, but enters plant
roots passively through osmosis. Aluminium inhibits root growth; lateral roots
and root tips become thickened and roots lack fine branching; root tips may
turn brown.
In the root, the initial effect of Al3+ is the inhibition of the
expansion of the cells of the rhizodermis, leading to their rupture; thereafter
it is known to interfere with many physiological processes including the uptake
and transport of calcium and other essential nutrients, cell division, cell
wall formation, and enzyme activity.
Strongly alkaline soils
are sodic and dispersive, with slow infiltration, low hydraulic conductivity
and poor available water capacity. Plant growth is severely restricted because
aeration is poor when the soil is wet; in dry conditions, plant-available water
is rapidly depleted and the soils become hard and cloddy (high soil strength).
Many strongly acidic
soils, on the other hand, have strong aggregation, good internal drainage, and
good water-holding characteristics. However, for many plant species, aluminium
toxicity severely limits root growth, and moisture stress can occur even when
the soil is relatively moist.
Finely ground agricultural lime is often applied
to acid soils to increase soil pH (liming). The buffering capacity of a soil
depends on the clay content of the soil, the type of clay, and the amount of
organic matter present, and may be related to the soil cation exchange
capacity.
Soils with high clay content will have a higher buffering capacity
than soils with little clay, and soils with high organic matter will have a
higher buffering capacity than those with low organic matter. Soils with higher
buffering capacity require a greater amount of lime to achieve an equivalent
change in pH.
Amendments other than
agricultural lime that can be used to increase the pH of soil include wood ash,
industrial calcium oxide (burnt lime), magnesium oxide, basic slag (calcium
silicate), and oyster shells. Calcium silicate neutralizes active acidity in
the soil by reacting with H+ ions
The pH of an alkaline
soil can be reduced by adding acidifying agents or acidic organic materials.
Acidifying fertilizers, such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and urea,
can help to reduce the pH of a soil because ammonium oxidises to form nitric
acid.
An acid is defined as a
substance that tends to release hydrogen ions (H+). Conversely, a base is
defined as a substance that releases hydroxyl ions (OH-). All acids contain
hydrogen ions, and the strength of the acid depends upon the degrees of
ionization (release of hydrogen ions) of the acid.
The more hydrogen ions held
by the exchange complex of a soil in relation to the basic ions (Ca, Mg, K)
held, the greater the acidity of the soil.
Soils become acidic
when basic elements such as calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium held by
soil colloids are replaced by hydrogen ions. Soils formed under conditions of
high annual rainfall are more acidic than are soils formed under more arid
conditions..
Rainfall contributes to
a soil’s acidity. Water (H2O) combines with carbon dioxide (CO2) to form a weak
acid — carbonic acid (H2CO3). The weak acid ionizes, releasing hydrogen (H+)
and bicarbonate (HCO3).
The released hydrogen ions replace the calcium ions
held by soil colloids, causing the soil to become acidic. The displaced calcium
(Ca++) ions combine with the bicarbonate ions to form calcium bicarbonate,
which, being soluble, is leached from the soil. The net effect is increased
soil acidity.
Potassium fertilizers
have little or no effect on soil pH.
As the ammonium-N in
fertilizers undergoes nitrification (conversion of ammonium to nitrate in soils
by bacteria), hydrogen (H+) is released, which can increase acidity. As the percentage of ammonium increases in a given
fertilizer the acidifying potential will also be increased, thus reducing pH.
Legumes like soybeans,
alfalfa and clovers tend to take up more cations in proportion to anions. This
causes H ions to be released from plant roots to maintain the electrochemical
balance within their tissues. The result is a net soil acidification.
Even if the top 6
inches of soil show a pH above 6.0, the subsoil may be extremely acidic. When
subsoil pH's drop below 5.0, aluminum and manganese in the soil become much
more soluble, and in some soils may be toxic to plant growth.
Liming materials
contain calcium and/or magnesium in forms, which when dissolved, will
neutralize soil acidity. Not all materials containing calcium and magnesium are
capable of reducing soil acidity.
Extremely and strongly
acid soils (pH 4.0-5.0) can have high concentrations of soluble aluminum, iron
and manganese which may be toxic to the growth of some plants.
Soils tend to become
acidic as a result of: (1) rainwater leaching away basic ions (calcium, magnesium,
potassium and sodium); (2) carbon dioxide from decomposing organic matter and
root respiration dissolving in soil water to form a weak organic acid; (3)
formation of strong organic and inorganic acids, such as nitric and sulfuric
acid, from decaying organic matter and oxidation of ammonium and sulfur
fertilizers. Strongly acid soils are usually the result of the action of these
strong organic and inorganic acids.
Lime is usually added
to acid soils to increase soil pH. The addition of lime not only replaces
hydrogen ions and raises soil pH, thereby eliminating most major problems
associated with acid soils but it also provides two nutrients, calcium and
magnesium to the soil.
Yellowing between the
veins of young leaves indicates an iron deficiency, a condition arising not
from a lack of iron in the soil but from insufficient soil acidity to put iron
into a form that a plant can absorb. Most plants thrive in slightly acidic soil
because that pH affords them good access to all nutrients.
The darker side of soil
pH is plant poisoning. Too low a pH
level can render the plant nutrient manganese available at toxic levels. A pH level that is too low also liberates
aluminum—not a plant nutrient—in amounts that can stunt root growth and
interfere with a plant’s uptake of nutrients.
Generally, limestone is
used to raise a pH level, and sulfur is used to lower it.
In acidic soils, the availability of nutrients
such as potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) is reduced, while the
amount of potentially toxic elements such as aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), and zinc
(Zn) is increased. In alkaline soils, iron, manganese (Mn), zinc, and boron (B)
are commonly deficient.
Soil pH can be
temporarily lowered by adding elemental sulfur. Bacteria in the soil act to
change elemental sulfur into sulfuric acid, effectively neutralizing soil
alkalinity. However, the effects of elemental sulfur are localized to the area
that was amended, and the effect is temporary. Soil pH will begin to rise
shortly after soil bacteria exhaust the added sulfur supply. This effect will
require repeated applications of sulfur to ensure the soil remains at the
desired pH.
If too much sulfur is
added, or if it is added too frequently, it can actually injure or kill your
plants.
Well, the pH balance of your soil will let you
know which plants you can grow with ease and which plants will be a struggle
without amendments. Knowing your soil’s pH is the secret to knowing what
nutrients will be in the soil to absorb into the roots of new plants..
Certain plants will
thrive in acidic soils (0 – 6.5 pH) while others only perform well if the soil
is alkaline (7.5 – 14). The ideal pH for garden soil is in the neutral range
(right around 7).
Once you know your soil’s pH, you can take measures to fix
it, or you can choose to grow only the varieties of plants that thrive in your
soil type. To amend acidic soil, simply mix in limestone. To amend alkaline
soil, add in organic materials such as composted leaves, pine needles, and peat
moss.
The effect of pH on a
soil is to remove from the soil or to make available certain ions. Soils with
high acidity tend to have toxic amounts of aluminium and manganese. Plants
which need calcium need moderate alkalinity, but most minerals are more soluble
in acid soils. Soil organisms are hindered by high acidity, and most
agricultural crops do best with mineral soils of pH 6.5 and organic soils of pH
5.5.
Soil organic matter is
made up of organic compounds and includes plant, animal and microbial material,
both living and dead. A typical soil has a biomass composition of 70%
microorganisms, 22% macrofauna, and 8% roots.
A small part of the
organic matter consists of the living cells such as bacteria, molds, and
actinomycetes that work to break down the dead organic matter. Were it not for
the action of these micro-organisms, the entire carbon dioxide part of the
atmosphere would be sequestered as organic matter in the soil.
Soils that hold
generous amounts of water are less subject to leaching losses of nutrients
Gravitational water is held in large soil pores and rapidly drains out under
the action of gravity within a day or so after rain. Plants can only make use
of gravitational water for a few days after rain.
Capillary water is held
in pores that are small enough to hold water against gravity, but not so
tightly that roots cannot absorb it. This water occurs as a film around soil
particles and in the pores between them and is the main source of plant
moisture. As this water is withdrawn, the larger pores drain first.
The finer
the pores, the more resistant they are to removal of water. As water is
withdrawn, the film becomes thinner and harder to detach from the soil particles.
This capillary water can move in all directions in response to suction and can
move upwards through soil for up to two metres, the particles and pores of the
soil acting like a wick.
When soil is saturated,
all the pores are full of water, but after a day, all gravitational water
drains out, leaving the soil at field capacity. Plants then draw water out of
the capillary pores, readily at first and then with greater difficulty, until
no more can be withdrawn and the only water left is in the micro-pores. The
soil is then at wilting point and without water additions, plants die.
The amount of water
available to plants is therefore determined by the capillary porosity and is
calculated by the difference in moisture content between field capacity and
wilting point. This is the total available water storage of the soil. The
portion of the total available moisture store, which can be extracted by plants
without becoming stressed, is termed readily available water.
The amount of soil
water available to plants is governed by the depth of soil that roots can
explore (the root zone) and the nature of the soil material. Because the total
and available moisture storage capacities are linked to porosity, the particle
sizes (texture) and the arrangement of particles (structure) are the critical
factors. Organic matter and carbonate levels and stone content also affect
moisture storage.
Organic matter
regulates the supply of plant nutrients through its ability to form complexes
with metal ions. The term ‘complex’ covers a number of chemical interactions
between organic matter and metal ions. One of the more important interactions
is called ‘chelation’ because of the way part of an organic molecule 'wraps'
itself around a metal ion, holding it in a claw-like chemical combination.
Available water is the
difference between field capacity which is the maximum amount of water the soil
can hold and wilting point where the plant can no longer extract water from the
soil.
Water holding capacity
is the total amount of water a soil can hold at field capacity.
Plant available water
is the difference between field capacity (the maximum amount of water the soil
can hold) and the wilting point (where the plant can no longer extract water
from the soil) measured over 100 cm or maximum rooting depth .
Beyond the
wilting point there is still water in the soil profile, however it is contained
in pores that are too small for plant roots to access. Soil texture, soil
structure and plant rooting depth are the crucial factors in determining the
amount of water available for plants to access.
Increasing clay content
in the soil profile is associated with greater water holding capacity. However,
this does not mean more water is available for plants to use, as the clay helps
create a complex soil matrix of smaller pores which hold water at greater
suction pressures
Soil aggregates create
pores which store water for plants to access. A poor or non-existent soil
structure with high clay content will have a reduced volume of soil pores. The
pores that are present are smaller so water is held at higher suction
pressures, making the plant exert more energy to extract the water, rather than
using that energy for yield.
Coarser textured soils
will generally have larger pore sizes and little soil structure, resulting in
rapid water drainage. A lack of soil structure can also mean poor infiltration
and sometimes a compacted subsurface which can result in waterlogging in the
root zone.
In many agricultural
soils there are subsoil barriers which prohibit plant roots from accessing
available water:--
Physical barrier –
subsurface compaction which may allow the movement of water and nutrients, but
restrict root growth.
Chemical barrier –
factors like subsoil acidity and salinity prevents the plant roots from
accessing the whole soil profile.
Soil acts as a sponge
to take up and retain water. Movement of water into soil is called
infiltration, and the downward movement of water within the soil is called
percolation, permeability or hydraulic conductivity. Pore space in soil is the
conduit that allows water to infiltrate and percolate. It also serves as the
storage compartment for water.
Infiltration rates can
be near zero for very clayey and compacted soils, or more than 10 inches per
hour for sandy and well aggregated soils. Low infiltration rates lead to
ponding on nearly level ground and runoff on sloping ground. Organic matter,
especially crop residue and decaying roots, promotes aggregation so that larger
soil pores develop, allowing water to infiltrate more readily.
Saturation is the soil water
content when all pores are filled with water. The water content in the soil at
saturation is equal to the percent porosity. Field capacity is the soil water
content after the soil has been saturated and allowed to drain freely for about
24 to 48 hours.
Free drainage occurs because of the force of gravity pulling on
the water. When water stops draining, we know that the remaining water is held
in the soil with a force greater than that of gravity. Permanent wilting point
is the soil water content when plants have extracted all the water they can. At
the permanent wilting point, a plant will wilt and not recover.
Unavailable
water is the soil water content that is strongly attached to soil particles and
aggregates, and cannot be extracted by plants. This water is held as films
coating soil particles. These terms illustrate soil from its wettest condition
to its driest condition.
Several terms are used
to describe the water held between these different water contents.
Gravitational water refers to the amount of water held by the soil between
saturation and field capacity.
Water holding capacity refers to the amount of
water held between field capacity and wilting point. Plant available water is
that portion of the water holding capacity that can be absorbed by a plant. As
a general rule, plant available water is considered to be 50 percent of the
water holding capacity.
Water in the form of
precipitation or irrigation infiltrates the soil surface. All pores at the soil
surface are filled with water before water can begin to move downward. During
infiltration, water moves downward from the saturated zone to the unsaturated
zone.
The interface between these two zones is called the wetting front. When
precipitation or irrigation cease, gravitational water will continue to
percolate until field capacity is reached. Water first percolates through the
large pores between soil particles and aggregates and then into the smaller
pores.
Available water is held
in soil pores by forces that depend on the size of the pore and the surface
tension of water. The closer together soil particles or aggregates are, the
smaller the pores and the stronger the force holding water in the soil.
Because
the water in large pores is held with little force, it drains most readily. Likewise,
plants absorb soil water from the larger pores first because it takes less
energy to pull water from large pores than from small pores.
Medium textured soils
(fine sandy loam, silt loam and silty clay loam) have the highest water holding
capacity, while coarse soils (sand, loamy sand and sandy loam) have the lowest
water holding capacity.
Soil porosity refers to
the space between soil particles, which consists of various amounts of water
and air. Porosity depends on both soil texture and structure. For example, a
fine soil has smaller but more numerous pores than a coarse soil. A coarse soil
has bigger particles than a fine soil, but it has less porosity, or overall
pore space. Water can be held tighter in small pores than in large ones, so
fine soils can hold more water than coarse soils.
Water infiltration is
the movement of water from the soil surface into the soil profile. Soil
texture, soil structure, and slope have the largest impact on infiltration
rate. Water moves by gravity into the open pore spaces in the soil, and the
size of the soil particles and their spacing determines how much water can flow
in.
Wide pore spacing at the soil surface increases the rate of water
infiltration, so coarse soils have a higher infiltration rate than fine soils.
A soil's permeability
is determined by the relative rate of moisture and air movement through the
most restrictive layer within the upper 40 inches of the effective root zone.
Water and air rapidly permeate coarse soils with granular subsoils, which tend
to be loose when moist and don't restrict water or air movement.
Slow
permeability is characteristic of a moderately fine subsoil with angular to
subangular blocky structure. It is firm when moist and hard when dry.
Water-holding capacity
is controlled primarily by soil texture and organic matter. Soils with smaller
particles (silt and clay) have a larger surface area than those with larger
sand particles, and a large surface area allows a soil to hold more water. In
other words, a soil with a high percentage of silt and clay particles, which
describes fine soil, has a higher water-holding capacity.
Soils are made up of
three main components: sand, silt and clay.
The proportion of each component determines the soil texture. Each soil texture has its own Water Holding
Capacity (WHC). The amount of organic
matter in the soil also affects water holding capacity to a degree.
Water Holding Capacity
is the ability of a certain soil texture to physically hold water against the
force of gravity. It does this by soil
particles holding water molecules by the force of cohesion.
Clay particles have the
ability to physically and chemically “hold” water molecules to the particle
more tightly than sands or silts. Sands
“give up” the water between the pores much easier than silts or clays. A good portion of the water – upwards of 50%
– in any soil remains unusable to the plant.
The amount of water
soil can hold differs based on two variables: --
1. Soil texture, which
indicates the content of particles of various sizes--such as sand, silt, and
clay--in the soil
2. Soil organic matter,
which is decayed material that originated from a living organism, plant or
animal based
You can easily use the
"texture by feel" method to help determine soil texture:
Sand - will feel gritty
and therefore not hold a lot of water as a result because pores are so large.
Water can rapidly move through it but not enough water available to plants.
Silt - will feel smooth
and is the ideal soil texture because of its small pores, which can hold the
maximum amount of water with the highest accessibility to plants.
Clay - will feel
sticky. It can hold a lot of water but will do so tightly in pores so a lower %
is available to plants.
IT WAS A PRACTICE FOR
MILLINIUMS FOR HINDUS TO RECHARGE LAKES WITH CLAY USING LARGE GANESHA IDOLS .
THIS IS NOT SUPERSTITION OF SAVAGES..
In terms of soil
texture, those made up of smaller particle sizes, such as in the case of silt
and clay, have larger surface area. The larger the surface area the easier it
is for the soil to hold onto water so it has a higher water holding capacity.
Sand in contrast has large particle sizes which results in smaller surface
area. The water holding capacity for sand is low.
Dear Capt Ajit sir,
Here's a man from Kerala Mr RK Nair, settled in Gujarat and created new 40 forests in 7 states...using Miyawaki method...now building Pulwama forest in 40 days with 40000 trees and 40 varieties....receiving 'Glory of India' award...https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/green-hero-meet-malayali-businessman-whos-created-40-forests-7-states-99289
Here's a man from Kerala Mr RK Nair, settled in Gujarat and created new 40 forests in 7 states...using Miyawaki method...now building Pulwama forest in 40 days with 40000 trees and 40 varieties....receiving 'Glory of India' award...https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/green-hero-meet-malayali-businessman-whos-created-40-forests-7-states-99289
-
SOIL EXPERTS MUST BE INVOLVED IN FOREST PLANTING-- OR IT WILL DO MORE HARM THAN GOOD
YOU CANT PLANT TREES INDISCRIMINATELY LIKE WHAT SADGURU JAGGI VASUDEV DID--WITHOUT EVEN KNOWING LAWS OF TRANSPIRATION OR SOIL DYNAMICS
capt ajit vadakayil
..
Soil organic matter
(SOM) can help increase water holding
capacity. Soil organic matter has a natural magnetism to water. If the farm
increases the percentage of soil organic matter, the soil water holding
capacity will increase.
SOM is decayed material that originated from a living
organism. SOM can be increased by adding plant or animal material.
Sand plays a vital role
in retaining the water-holding capacity of river and sand mining thus is a
threat to the ecosystem as it not only disturbs the river flow but also affects
the groundwater level.
Soil degradation due to
artificial fertilisers / pesticides is slowly turning a third of the world into
desert. At this rate, fertile soil will be depleted in 60 years.
Alluvial soil is
fertile soil deposited by rivers on and near their banks. The most fertile alluvial soil is found in
the Ganga valley, where it is deposited by river Ganges. These soils cover
almost 35% of the region of India.
These soils are rich in
minerals especially potash. They are a dark shade of grey and are extremely
suitable for agriculture. Some dark black alluvial soil can also be found in
coastal areas.
Black Soil are
characterized by their deep black colour. Their composition has a large amount
of clay. This helps the black soil retain water, making them ideal for crops
that require water year round. This also gives them a unique self-ploughing
ability.
These soil are rich in
lime, iron and magnesia. They are mainly found in the Deccan Plateau in
Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat etc. They are also known as Black Cotton
Soil, since cotton grows exclusively in black soil, and is one of the main cash
crops in India.
Red soil and yellow
soil are distinct soils are named after their hues. Red soil gets its colour
from the iron found in its composition in a crystallized form. The soil takes
on a yellow colour when it is hydrated. These soils are generally found in the
Western Ghats, Odisha and Chattisgarh.
The clay form of red
soil is nutrient rich and viable for forestation. However coarse red or yellow
soil has been completely leached of all its nutrients and is not fertile. Red
soil actually has a very low level of humus and require fertilizers when used
for farming.
Laterite soils are
found in regions of high temperature and very high rainfall. The rains will
wash all the nutrients from the soil, leaving it infertile. The leaching
process will leave behind iron-rich soil, absent of silicon. The humus
composition is also affected by bacteria and fungi that thrive in high
temperatures.
Such soils are found in
the hot and humid regions of Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, Malwa Plateau, Tamil
Nadu, Kerala etc. While these soils are not entirely suitable for agriculture
they have other uses.
These are the sandy
soils that appear in extremely dry and arid regions of Rajasthan and Gujarat.
These soils are completely void of any organic matter. They also have a very
high saline content, making them largely infertile. Only desert vegetation
(cacti, bushes etc) can grow in this type of soil.
Saline soils also known
as Usara soils. As the name suggests they have a very high saline content in
their composition. They also have large quantities of potassium and magnesium,
making them infertile. These soils are found both in dry regions and in swamps.
Peaty soils have a very
high content of organic matter and humus. They are seen in regions with high
rainfall and average temperatures. If there is a lot of vegetation around the
dead organic matter will accumulate, and in turn, enrich the soil with humus.
These soils also have a
black colour and are loamy in texture. There are usually found in parts of
Bihar, Uttranchal, Bengal and Tamil Nadu. And while they are suitable for
agriculture, these soils need proper care so they do not leach away all their
nutrients in the heavy rainfall.
One way to keep track
of the different types of soils found in the world is via soil mapping. These
maps show the distribution of the different varieties of soil that can be found
in a particular area. This helps the farmers with their agriculture, helps the
government keep a check on soil pollution, helps environmental
conversationalists, etc.
PHOSPHATES (containing
PO43−) are the most common form of phosphorus in natural waters. Phosphates are
only moderately soluble and, compared to nitrate, are not very mobile in soils
and groundwater. Phosphates tend to remain attached to soil particles, but erosion
can transport considerable amounts of
phosphate to streams and lakes.
THE FOAM ON LAKE WATER
IN BANGALORE IS PRIMARILY DUE TO PHOSPHATES ( PHOSPHORUS )
Since ancient times
Hindus have surcharges all the lakes in India with an annual load of PHOSLOCK (
phosphorus locking bentonite clay ) in the form of huge Ganesha clay idols .
GANESHA IDOLS IMMERSED
IN LAKES AND RIVERS , ARE TRADITIONALLY MADE WITH BENTONITE CLAY FOR PHOSPHORUS
LOCKING.
Phosphates are used
indiscriminately by foreign multinationals( like Procter and Gamble ) in their detergents.
Without declaring the
amount or percentage they include more phosphate in detergent in places like
Bangalore were borewell water yields only HARD WATER.
So their detergents
clean better , Indians buy more , soon
they monopolise , and they laugh all the
way to the bank.
But HEY, these rich
western companies sell only PHOSPHATE FREE detergents in USA , Europe and
developed countries—since at least 20 years.
The phosphate used in
most powdered detergents is sodium triphosphate, or STPP, and it's used to
soften hard water.
But when it's
introduced to waterways, phosphorous can cause environmental damage, including
algae blooms, low oxygen levels , fish deaths—and the foam you see .
There are atmospheric
conditions which cause more foam on lakes like low atmospheric pressure, wind ripple agitation, rain etc.
Most of the lakes in
India are green in colour due to algae.
Phosphates consume
large amounts of oxygen, in the lake literally killing all aquatic organisms and ecosystems.
The Modi govt must
introduce a law as soon as possible.
Give these
multinational detergent companies a dead line in writing , mentioning the
INITIAL FINE and the subsequent fine.
After that make them
close shop in India.
Make these
multinationals pay for restoration of our lakes. They had double standards.
People is Bangalore
stuck with hard borewell water may wonder, how the stains made by hard water on
glass or stainless steel can be removed.
Try a little dilute vinegar.
Local cottage industry
detergent manufacturers must be helped by the Govt to find an alternative to
phosphates to reduce water harness and for better wash. Phosphates can be
replaced with zeolites (silicate minerals).
Zeolites are
microporous silicate minerals. They bind calcium, magnesium and other metals
present in the wash solution and soften the hardness of the wash water. This
boosts the efficacy of the other cleaning ingredients and increases the
effectiveness of the detergent.
When used in automatic
dishwashing detergents, phosphate helped to remove food and grease, reduce spotting
and filming, control water hardness and suspend the bits of food so they were
not redistributed on the dishes.
Too much phosphate in
water leads to total reduction of good aquatic life, poor taste and odors in
drinking water
Detergent makers have been
competeing with each other to overdose phosphorus . It binds with dirt and
keeps it suspended in water, allowing the other cleaning agents to do their
best work.
Phosphorus is more
important in Bangalore where water is exceptionally hard and minerals like
Calcium, magnesium etc can interfere
with cleaning agents.
In the detergents,
phosphates served as a "builder" to improve the detergent's cleaning
efficiency.
Builders, such as STPP,
are important to the cleaning process, as they help to remove dirt from the
clothes and to minimize soap scum (often seen as a ring on the tub, washing
machine, or shirt collars).
Of the detergent
builders, phosphates were the most popular, because of their CHEAPNESS and
superior cleaning performance. Cheap at the expense of India’s lakes.
These multinationals
saved the Western lakes—they did NOT care for India , despite excessive
profits.
Phosphate fertilizer is
manufactured from rock phosphate. Rock phosphate is mined and processed into
phosphate fertilizer. India imports lot of it.
Ships I commanded have
brought this from Tampa to Kochi.
Avoid phosphate
artificial fertilizers near water bodies-
use organic fertilizers.
Today many companies
worldwide manufacture lanthanum-modified bentonite clay (Phoslock) application
to remove phosphorus from lake water.
Algae can be killed by
any algecide . But phosphorus is like
sugar in water and has to be locked and removed by any nano technology..
Phoslock is a product
designed for phosphate removal from water.
Its active component is lanthanum which reacts with phosphate forming an
insoluble and biologically inert compound.
Its ability to bind
phosphate makes it an effective tool in lake restoration. It is safe for natural aquatic systems.
When used in lake
restoration, Phoslock is usually added to the lake as a slurry. As this sinks through the water column it
binds phosphate as it goes.
Once settled on the
sediment it can continue to bind phosphate released from the sediment, thus
controlling one of the major blocks to lake restoration - sediment phosphorus
release.
Phoslock can be used in
lakes , ponds , dam reservoirs as well as other standing waters (e.g. reservoirs,
fish hatcheries) where high phosphate levels are causing problems. It is not usually applied to flowing waters.
Phoslock is comprised
of 95% bentonite and 5% lanthanum. It is
manufactured through a controlled ion-exchange process whereby cations within
the bentonite are exchanged with lanthanum cations.
The result is that
lanthanum held within the bentonite structure retains its ability to bind
phosphate, but does not readily dissociate, i.e. will not form free ions in
water. Phoslock works by utilizing the
ability of lanthanum to react with phosphate.
Removal of phosphate by
lanthanum is highly efficient and has a molar ratio of 1:1 which means that one
ion of lanthanum will bind with one ion of phosphate .
The product of the
reaction is lanthanum phosphate (LaPO4).
The important point is that lanthanum phosphate is highly insoluble
which means it won't dissolve, which in turn means it is not biologically
available.
This is the process by
which phosphate (which is dissolved and therefore biologically available) is
rendered non-biologically available.
One tonne of Phoslock
is capable of removing 34 kg of phosphate (PO4) or 11 kg of phosphorus
(P). Phosphate is an important food
source of algae (particularly blue green algae).
By removing phosphate
from the water column and preventing its release from sediments, Phoslock
essentially deprives algae of an important food source and the proliferation of
algae, particularly blue green algae, is reduced.
Both nitrogen and
phosphorus are important nutrients for algal growth, however the growth of blue
green algae is generally not limited by the concentration of nitrogen as many
species of blue green algae can fix and store nitrogen from the atmosphere.
The proliferation of blue green algae in a
water body is related to the competitive advantage they have over other
phytoplankton groups (such as diatoms and green algae) when excess phosphorus
is available in the water.
The kinetic uptake of
phosphate by Phoslock varies to some degree according to water chemistry,
however in most situations, more than 90% of available phosphate is bound
within three hours of an application of Phoslock.
Unlike other methods of
binding phosphate (such as iron and aluminium salts), an application of
Phoslock will have no effect on either the pH or the conductivity of the water
body.
Following the
application of Phoslock to a water body, any phosphate that has reacted with
the lanthanum in the clay will remain permanently bound. Furthermore, any lanthanum sites in the clay
matrix that have not reacted with phosphate remain active and will continue to
bind phosphate (from both external and internal sources) until saturated.
This means that an
application of Phoslock can be designed to achieve a sustained reduction in
phosphate levels. Phoslock is the commercial name for a bentonite clay in which
the sodium and/or calcium ions are exchanged for lanthanum.
The addition of this
element allows it to bind with phosphates to form rhabdophane and thereby
remove them from the water column.
Phoslock permanently
locks phosphorus into an inert mineral that sinks to the bottom and becomes
part of the pond's natural sediments. Any unreacted lanthanum remains imbedded
in the bentonite granules, which settle to the bottom of the pond, that will continue
to bond and sequester phosphorus as it releases from the sediments.
Cottage industries must
be taught to replace phosphates from their products with non-phosphate
alternatives, such as zeolite A, sodium carbonate, citrates, and sodium
silicate.
Harmful algal blooms
(HABs) are can be caused by many different types of algae in freshwater
ecosystems, and can be triggered by nutrient enrichment.
The most frequent and
severe blooms typically are caused by cyanobacteria, the only known freshwater
algae with the potential for production of toxins potent enough to harm human
health.
CyanoHABs can threaten human and aquatic ecosystem health. Economic damages related to cyanoHABs include
the loss of recreational revenue, decreased property values, and increased
drinking-water treatment costs.
Soil organic matter
(SOM) is the organic matter component of soil, consisting of plant and animal
residues at various stages of decomposition, cells and tissues of soil
organisms, and substances synthesized by soil organisms.
SOM exerts numerous
positive effects on soil physical and chemical properties, as well as the
soil’s capacity to provide regulatory ecosystem services. Particularly, the
presence of SOM is regarded as being critical for soil functions and soil
quality.
Humic substances
classification--
There is a
classification into three groups, based on solubility in acids and alkalis, and
also related to stability.
Fulvic acid is the
group which contains the materials that have the lowest molecular weight, and
are soluble in acids and alkali, and susceptible to microbial attack.
Humic acid group
contains the intermediate materials, with medium molecular weight, soluble in
alkali, but insoluble in acid, and intermediate resistance to microbial attack.
Humin is the generic
name for the materials with highest molecular weight, that are darkest in
color, insoluble in acid and alkali, and with the most resistance to microbial
attack.
Crop rotation may be an
effective means to prevent a parasitic population from becoming
well-established, as an organism affecting leaves would be starved when the
leafy crop is replaced by a tuberous type, etc.
Soil acidification
reduces soil biodiversity. It reduces the numbers of most macrofauna,
including, for example, earthworm numbers (important in maintaining structural
quality of the topsoil for plant growth). Also affected is rhizobium survival
and persistence.
Decomposition and nitrogen fixation may be reduced, which
affects the survival of native vegetation. Biodiversity may further decline as
certain weeds proliferate under declining native vegetation.
Extended exposure to
high sodium levels results in a decrease in the amount of water retained and
able to flow through soil, as well as a decrease in decomposition rates (this
leaves the soil infertile and prohibit any future growth). As the salinity of
the soil rises, there is more stress on microbes because there is less
available water available to them, leading to less respiration.
Green manure acts
mainly as soil-acidifying matter to decrease the alkalinity/pH of alkali soils
by generating humic acid and acetic acid.
The value of green
manure was recognized by farmers in India for thousands of years, as mentioned
in treatises like Vrikshayurveda.
COWS SUSTAINED ORGANIC
AGRICULTURE AND OVER MILLENNIUMS WE CREATED SIX FEET THICK TOP SOIL TEEMING
WITH HEALTHY MICROBES/ FUNGI --WHILE THE REST OF THE PLANET HAS TOP SOIL ONLY A
FEW INCHES THICK..
NOW THE WHITE JEW WANTS
TO USE INDIAN TOP SOIL AS A GUINEA PIG FOR TESTING THEIR GM SOIL MICROBES AND GM
FUNGI..
CO2 IS A GOOD
GAS.. INCREASED CO2 IN THE ATMOSPHERE
INCREASES THE LEVELS OF GLOMALIN
GLOMALIN REDUCED
NITROGEN LOSSES FROM THE SOIL- AND HENCE THERE IS NO NEED TO APPLY EXCESS
ARTIFICIAL FERTILISERS AND UREA TO PROVIDE NITROGEN..
Crop stubble burning
becomes essential because combine harvester leaves crop residue behind.
Combines are machines that harvest the crops as well as thresh, means
separation of the grain, and it's cleaning together, but it leaves stubble
behind because it doesn't cut close enough to the ground.
These residues put a burden on farmer's back
because these residues are not so useful for the farmer and there is pressure
on the farmer to sow the next crop in time. Therefore, they clear the field by
burning the stubble.
This crop stubble burning
process has been going on in India for milliniums.. SMOG in Delhi is not due to
crop stubble burning.. Delhi is situated in an area where temperature inversion
takes place..
The residues of rice
and wheat crops are major contributors to the total stubble loads in India.
There are two main reasons for crop residue burning-
First one is that there is a very short
window of time between the harvesting of paddy and sowing of wheat, at the end
of the Kharif season.
Secondly, the removal of the paddy stalk that remains on
the field is a labor-intensive process. With labor being unavailable and the
time window between the harvesting of paddy and sowing of wheat is limited, the
only easiest option that the farmer has is burning the residue right on the
field.
For farmers, burning of residues is cheaper and requires less effort.
AND MOST IMPORTANT IT
PRODUCED BIOCHAR , WHICH IS AN ESSENTIAL FOR ORGANIC AGRICULTURE..
Tall grasses burn quick
and hot, however, close to the ground where the roots start, air is excluded so
the base of the grasses will pyrolyze and not burn…
This is how biochar is made and
we Indians have been doing it millenniums before the era when the white man was living in caves and
running around naked doing GRUNT GRUNT for language.. We knew what we were doing !
BELOW: WITHOUT LIVING SOIL-WE CANT GET GOOD DRINKING WATER
ARTIFICIAL FERTILIZERS AND PESTICIDES "KILLS" THE MICROBES AND FUNGI..
Carbon is the most
essential element of soil fertility. When organic matter is added to
agricultural soils to increase carbon levels, most of it rapidly decomposes to
carbon dioxide and escapes to the atmosphere...
Only a very small
percentage eventually becomes stable humic matter...
Humification is the
natural process of changing organic matter into humic substances (humus,
humate, humic acid, fulvic acid, and humin) by geo-microbiological mechanisms.
Humification takes
decades to centuries.. The process
creates a fine-grained, highly porous charcoal that helps soils retain
nutrients and water….
SOM is formed by the
biological, chemical and physical decay of organic materials on the soil
surface and below the ground.
Organic matter is a
catch all phrase used to describe a wide range of molecules including starches,
proteins, sugars, carbohydrates, amino acids etc.
When organic matter
starts to decompose these molecules are broken down into smaller and smaller
molecules by the micro-organisms in the soil (mostly bacteria and fungi).
INDIA MUST FORM COMPULSORY ORGANIC FARMING
ZONES TO KICK AWAY GREEN REVOLUTION.. THIS MUST BE DONE IN STAGES..
ORGANIC
FARMERS MUST BE GIVEN SUBSIDY..
INDIA HAS LOST 65% OF OUR BEE POPULATION IN JUST 55 YEARS OF GREEN REVOLUTION
INVOLVING ARTIFICIAL FERTILIZERS AND PESTICIDES..
ORGANIC AGRICULTURE
CANNOT BE DONE BY MONO CROPPING.
THE GOVT MUST KEEP A
RECORD OF CROPS GROWN BY FARMERS WITH PHOTOS ..
THE DISTRICT COLLECTOR
MUST BE PART OF THIS CRITICAL EFFORT, AS WE CANT TRUST POLITICIANS TO BE HONEST ABOUT THIS...
INTERCROPPING is the
growing of two or more crops together in proximity on the same land. As a
result, two or more crops are managed at the same time. It differs from crop
rotation in which two or more crops are grown one after the other. There are at
least four types of intercropping according to spatial arrangement
ROW INTERCROPPING is
the growing of two or more crops at the same time with at least one crop
planted in rows. In farms grown to perennial crops, annual crops like corn,
rice and pineapple are commonly grown as intercrop between the rows of the main
crop. This strategy is an efficient way of maximizing the use of farm land by
utilizing vacant spaces while at the same time suppressing the growth of weeds
during the juvenile stage of the main crop.
With annuals, the
component crops are planted at the same time or the other crop(s) are planted
during the juvenile stage of growth (before flowering) of the first crop. In
India, pigeon pea is traditionally planted with sorghum. The pigeon pea starts
flowering after the sorghum plants are harvested.
In the United States, velvet bean or cowpea is planted in standing corn at the last corn cultivation. When the corn plants mature, the corn stalks become natural trellis for the beans or peas. Both the corn and the intercrop are harvested together.
In the United States, velvet bean or cowpea is planted in standing corn at the last corn cultivation. When the corn plants mature, the corn stalks become natural trellis for the beans or peas. Both the corn and the intercrop are harvested together.
STRIP INTERCROPPING is
the growing of two or more crops together in strips wide enough to allow
separate production of crops using mechanical implements, but close enough for
the crops to interact. Examples of successful strip intercropping practices in
the United States are: alternating strips of wheat, corn and soybean 6 rows
wide each; oat, corn and soybean; and 6 rows of corn with 12 rows of soybean.
MIXED INTERCROPPING OR
MIXED CROPPING is the growing of two or more crops at the same time with no
distinct row arrangement.
RELAY INTERCROPPING OR
RELAY CROPPING is a system in which a second crop is planted into an existing
crop when it has flowered (reproductive stage) but before harvesting. There is
thus a minimum temporal overlap of two or more crops. The relay crop should be
fairly tolerant to shade and trampling. Examples of relay crops are cassava,
cotton, sweet potato and sesban with corn; chickpea, lentil and wheat with
upland rice.
IN CROP ROTATION OR
SEQUENTIAL CROPPING, two or more crops are grown one after the other in the
same piece of land. It is advantageous that the succeeding crop belongs to a
family different from that of the previous crop. The period of crop rotation
may be for two to three years or longer. Farm income significantly increased by
alternating lowland rice with high-value crops like garlic, onion, melons, bell
pepper and other vegetables.
ADVANTAGES OF CROP
ROTATION COMPARED TO MONOCULTURE
In addition to
increased crop yields and profit, the following are the advantages of crop
rotation over monoculture, the continuous growing of a single crop.
Better control of
weeds. Crop rotation is intended to break the life cycle and suppress the
growth of weeds. The sequential planting of different crops may check the
development of any weed species and reduce weed growth especially if cover
crops or green manures and
tall-growing row crops are used as component rotation crops. It improves the
soil structure
Some crops have strong, deep roots. They can break up hardpans,
and tap moisture and nutrients from deep in the soil. Others have many fine,
shallow roots. They tap nutrients near the surface and bind the soil. They form
many tiny holes so that air and water can get into the soil. Planting the same
crop season after season encourages certain weeds, insects and diseases.
Planting different crops breaks their life cycle and prevents them from
multiplying.
Better control of pests
and diseases. Some pests and causal organisms of plant diseases are host
specific. They attack certain crop species or those belonging to the same
family but not others. For example, the problem with rice stem borer will
continue if rice is not rotated with other crops of a different family. This is
because food will be always available to the pest. However, if legume is
planted as the next crop, then corn, beans and bulbs, the build up of the pest
will be disrupted because they will be deprived of food.
Improved soil structure
and organic matter content. The alternate planting of deep and shallow rooted
plants will break up the soil and reduce the effects of plow pan. The planting
of soybean, other grain legumes, sweet potato and vegetables will return
sufficient quantities of plant residues to the soil as their leaves drop on the
ground or body parts are left on the field after harvest, instead of being
burned as is commonly practiced with sugarcane. Green manures will add
significant amounts of organic matter.
Improved soil
fertility. The continuous growing of a single crop will result to the depletion
of certain soil nutrients. With crop rotation, soil fertility will be promoted
through alternate planting of crops having different nutrient needs. This will
prevent the depletion of any one essential element present in the soil.
Leguminous plants, because of their ability to accumulate nitrogen by fixing it from the air in association with Rhizobium bacteria, will improve soil fertility. Legumes (such as groundnuts and beans) fix nitrogen in the soil. When their green parts and roots rot, this nitrogen can be used by other crops such as maize. The result is higher, more stable yields, without the need to apply expensive inorganic fertilizer.
Leguminous plants, because of their ability to accumulate nitrogen by fixing it from the air in association with Rhizobium bacteria, will improve soil fertility. Legumes (such as groundnuts and beans) fix nitrogen in the soil. When their green parts and roots rot, this nitrogen can be used by other crops such as maize. The result is higher, more stable yields, without the need to apply expensive inorganic fertilizer.
It produces different
types of output Growing a mix of grain, beans, vegetables and fodder means a
more varied diet and more types of produce to sell.
It reduces risk A
single crop may fail because of drought. It may be attacked by pests. Or its
market price may be low when time comes to sell it. Producing several different
crops reduces these risks.
Plants can only process
a certain amount of nitrogen and the remaining amount acidifies the soil and
affects groundwater. High concentrations of ammonia are harmful to humans and
animals.
The largest use of
ammonia is in fertilizers , which are applied to the soil
Urea, which is made
from ammonia and carbon dioxide , is being used as a feed supplement for humpledd
cows, aiding in the rapid building of protein by the animals. This make their
dung and urine emit fantastic amounts of potent greenhouse gas Nitrous Oxide
The average urine from
a healthy adult will release 11g nitrogen/urea, 1g phosphorus/super-phosphate
and 2.5g potassium. The normal range for a 24-hour urine output is 800 to 2000
milliliters (ml) per day with a normal fluid intake of about 2 liters per day. That’s
an average of 1400 ml per person, per day!
Fresh human urine is
sterile and so free from bacteria. Only when it is older than 24 hours, the
urea turns into ammonia, which is what causes the distinctive smell.
Urine ( without antibiotics
) can be used in a number of ways, such as a solution that is applied to plants
to provide a quick, short-term boost in growth or as a nitrogen additive to the
carbon-based material, facilitating the composting process.
It is too strong to be
used neat on most plants and should be diluted. Dilute one part fresh urine to
10-15 parts water for application on plants in the growth stage. Dilute one
part fresh urine to 30-50 parts water for use on pot plants, which are much
more sensitive to fertilisers of any kind.
Excess diluted urine (
san antibiotics ) can be used on lawns and trees.
Human urine contains
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium —The relative ratios are
typically around 11 parts nitrogen to 1 part phosphorus to 2.5 parts potassium.
While pee is almost
always sterile, feces contains dangerous pathogens. North Koreans have been
forced to use human shit for fertilizer.. Most Koreans have gut health
problems.
Nitrogen is so vital
because it is a major component of chlorophyll, the compound by which plants
use sunlight energy to produce sugars from water and carbon dioxide (i.e.,
photosynthesis).
Chlorophyll is a green
photosynthetic pigment found in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria.
Chlorophyll absorbs
mostly in the blue and to a lesser extent red portions of the electromagnetic
spectrum, hence its intense green color.
Green substance in
producers that traps light energy from the sun, which is then used to combine
carbon dioxide and water into sugars in the process of photosynthesis
Chlorophyll is vital for photosynthesis, which helps plants get energy from
light.
Green plants are green
because they contain a pigment called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs certain
wavelengths of light within the visible light spectrum. Chlorophyll absorbs light in the red (long wavelength)
and the blue (short wavelength) regions of the visible light spectrum. Green
light is not absorbed but reflected, making the plant appear green.
Chlorophyll is found in
the chloroplasts of plants. Chloroplasts are the food producers
of the cell. The organelles are only found in plant cells and some protists
such as algae. Animal cells do not have chloroplasts. Chloroplasts work to
convert light energy of the Sun into sugars that can be used by cell
Some symptoms of
nitrogen deficiency (in absence or low supply) are given below :
The chlorophyll content
of the plant leaves is reduced which results in pale yellow color. Older leaves
turn completely yellow.
Flowering, fruitings,
protein and starch contents are reduced. Reduction in protein results in
stunted growth and dormant lateral buds.
Nitrogen is part of
every protein in the plant, so it's required for virtually every process—from
growing new leaves to defending against pests. Nitrogen is part of the
chlorophyll molecule, which gives plants their green color and is involved in creating
food for the plant through photosynthesis.
Because nitrogen can
move around in the plant, older growth often yellows more than the new growth.
A plant with a nitrogen
deficiency is more susceptible to suffer from diseases and insects
A nitrogen deficiency
can have several causes:
- Excess potassium,
zinc and manganese in the soil or substrate.
- Too much chloride in
the soil
- Too little nitrogen
available in the soil or substrate
- Too high pH level in
the root environment
- Dysfunctional root
system due to damage, disease or low temperatures of the soil
- Nitrogen is easily
soluble and therefore easy to wash out
Nitrogen is also a major component of amino acids, the
building blocks of proteins. Without proteins, plants wither and die. Some
proteins act as structural units in plant cells while others act as enzymes,
making possible many of the biochemical reactions on which life is based.
Nitrogen is a component of energy-transfer compounds, such as ATP (adenosine
triphosphate). ATP allows cells to conserve and use the energy released in
metabolism. Finally, nitrogen is a significant component of nucleic acids such
as DNA, the genetic material that allows cells (and eventually whole plants) to
grow and reproduce.
Without nitrogen, there would be no life as we know it.
Soil nitrogen exists in three general forms: organic nitrogen compounds,
ammonium (NH4+) ions and nitrate (NO3-) ions.
The nitrate form of
nitrogen is so soluble that it leaches easily when excess water percolates
through the soil. This can be a major loss mechanism in coarse-textured soils
where water percolates freely, but is less of a problem in finer-textured, more
impermeable soils, where percolation is very slow.
Plants absorb nitrogen
from the soil as both NH4+ and NO3- ions, but because nitrification is so
pervasive in agricultural soils, most of the nitrogen is taken up as nitrate.
Nitrate moves freely toward plant roots as they absorb water.
Once inside the
plant, NO3- is reduced to an NH2 form and is assimilated to produce more
complex compounds. Because plants require very large quantities of nitrogen, an
extensive root system is essential to allowing unrestricted uptake.
Plants with
roots restricted by compaction may show signs of nitrogen deficiency even when
adequate nitrogen is present in the soil. Most plants take nitrogen from the
soil continuously throughout their lives, and nitrogen demand usually increases
as plant size increases.
A plant supplied with adequate nitrogen grows rapidly
and produces large amounts of succulent, green foliage. Providing adequate
nitrogen allows an annual crop, such as corn, to grow to full maturity, rather
than delaying it.
A nitrogen-deficient plant is generally small and develops
slowly because it lacks the nitrogen necessary to manufacture adequate
structural and genetic materials. It is usually pale green or yellowish because
it lacks adequate chlorophyll.
Older leaves often become necrotic and die as
the plant moves nitrogen from less important older tissues to more important
younger ones.
On the other hand, some
plants may grow so rapidly when supplied with excessive nitrogen that they
develop protoplasm faster than they can build sufficient supporting material in
cell walls. Such plants are often rather weak and may be prone to mechanical
injury. Development of weak straw and lodging of small grains are an example of
such an effect.
Nitrogen fertilizer is
one of the more expensive soil inputs, so farmers may be spending money they do
not need to spend. Another reason is the environment. When more nitrogen is
added than plants can use, it can run off the land and cause problems for
bodies of water downstream.
An estimated 80 percent
of soil carbon in heavily farmed areas has been lost due to the use of
carbon-depleting chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Organic carbon is stored in soil by
exclusively binding to certain soil structures, and the soil's capacity to
absorb carbon dioxide is directly related to its
Topsoil destruction, erosion
and desertification are all exacerbated by artificial fertilizer / chemical
use, monocropping and not using cover crops.
At the
current rate of topsoil degradation, all the world’s topsoil will be gone in
less than 60 years.
At that point, it’ll
be GAME OVER ( like in the Hollywood movie INTERSTELLAR ) because without
topsoil you cannot grow food no matter how many chemicals you add.
IMAGINE , THAT IDIOT PC CHACKO WAS PRAISING THE GREEN REVOLUTION OF THE CONGRESS PARTY..
IMAGINE , THAT IDIOT PC CHACKO WAS PRAISING THE GREEN REVOLUTION OF THE CONGRESS PARTY..
Closely
related problems are the loss of soil fertility and biodiversity, which is
directly related to the loss of natural carbon in the soil. The importance of carbon sequestration simply
cannot be overstated. Not only will it reduce the carbon dioxide (CO2) load in
the atmosphere, but once sequestered in the soil, the carbon actively nourishes
soil health and improves water retention.
The biological
component of soil is an extremely important carbon sink since about 57% of the
biotic content is carbon. Even on desert crusts, cyanobacteria, lichens and
mosses capture and sequester a significant amount of carbon by photosynthesis.
Poor ARTIFICIAL farming and grazing methods have degraded soils and released
much of this sequestered carbon to the atmosphere.
Many foreign soils have
an organic matter content in the top 10cm (expressed as organic carbon) of
>3%. If the organic matter falls below this level, the fertility will be greatly
reduced.
SOC levels result from
the interactions of several ecosystem processes, of which photosynthesis,
respiration, and decomposition are key. Photosynthesis is the fixation of
atmospheric CO2 into plant biomass. SOC input rates are primarily determined by
the root biomass of a plant, but also include litter deposited from plant.
When
carbon inputs and outputs are in balance with one another, there is no net
change in SOC levels. When carbon inputs from photosynthesis exceed C losses,
SOC levels increase over time. Photosynthesis, decomposition, and respiration
rates are determined partly by climatic factors, most importantly soil temperature
and moisture levels.
Despite the much larger
size of the oceanic carbon pool relative to the soil carbon pool, the rate of
exchange between the atmosphere and the soil is estimated to be higher than
that between the atmosphere and the ocean.
Again, soil carbon sequestration is a process in which CO2 is removed
from the atmosphere and stored in the soil carbon pool. This process is
primarily mediated by plants through photosynthesis, with carbon stored in the
form of SOC. In the ground, carbon is
useful.
Loss of topsoil
releases carbon into the air.
One of the problems
with chemical fertilizers is they seep through the soil into the groundwater
and other water sources, leading to contamination. Now, NPK can kill the balance of nature in various ways. Nitrogen in the water can persist for many
years, so it will continue to affect the environment even without adding more.
Chemical fertilizers
can make the topsoil acidic, because nitrogen lowers the pH of the soil. The
ideal pH for maximum plant growth and crop yield is between 5.5 and 8. If the
soil is too acidic (pH lower than 5.5), it will yield less crops.
Food crops produced
using chemical fertilizers are poor in nutrition. This is because chemical fertilizers
trade fast growth for health in plants, resulting in crops that have less
nutritional value.
Today's vegetables may
be larger but they typically do not contain more nutrients. Jumbo-sized produce
often contains more dry matter than anything else, which dilutes mineral
concentrations.
The richly colored
“Indian corn” contains far more disease-fighting antioxidants and less sugar
than today’s popular pale yellow GM sweet corn.
WHEN QUANTITY INCREASES QUALITY REDUCES –THIS IS A UNIVERSAL LAW.
The humpless cow gives
plenty of toxic A1 milk which causes most of the diseases of the gut.
AN IDIOT NAMED PC
CHACKO WAS PRAISING THE WHITE REVOLUTION OF CONGRESS PARTY—JUST BECAUSE THE
FATHER OF THE WHITE REVOLUTION VERGHESE KURIAN IS A KERALA CHRISTIAN LIKE HIM.. SAME CHURCH PARTY.
Plants will grow on
little more than NPK, but they will be missing or developing less of essential
nutrients such as calcium, zinc, and iron. This can have a small but cumulative
effect on the health of people that consume them.
Chemical-based agriculture has resulted in the destruction of rural economies, water and air pollution, depletion of aquifers, destruction of pollinators and biodiversity, soil erosion and loss of soil fertility, climate destabilization, food contamination, nutrient degradation and the deterioration of public health.
Even the government admits about half of all American adults now live with one or more chronic diseases, many of which are rooted in a nutrient-poor diet caused due to food grown in chemical laden soil sans healthy microbes..
Organic foods contain higher amounts of antioxidants, and an antioxidant-rich diet is associated reduced risks for chronic diseases. To improve health we really need to improve nutrition, and to do that we must address food at its literal roots.
Healthy microbe-rich soil associated with regenerative, soil-centered, organic practices produces crops with higher levels of nutrients, without which maintaining health is difficult if not impossible.
Plants’ natural
symbiotic relationship with soil microorganisms is disrupted by the use of
synthetic fertilizer
The use of synthetic
fertilizers results in higher yields and bigger produce that is less
nutrient-dense
The mineral content of
fruits and vegetables has declined by 48% over the last five decades IN India..
Chemical fertilizers
increase the risks of developing cancer in adults and children and adversely
affecting fetal brain development..
The rhizosphere is the
area immediately around a plant’s root. It contains microorganisms that thrive
on chemicals released from the plant’s roots. These chemicals, known as
exudates, include carbohydrates, phytochemicals and other compounds.
In exchange for the
exudates, the root microbiome supplies the plant with important metabolites for
health, which, along with exposure to pests and pathogens, helps plants produce
phytochemicals. A well-fed root microbiome will also supply plants with ample
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
Nitrous oxide emissions
from ARTIFICIAL FERTILISER managed soils account for almost 45% of agricultural
emissions in the EU. This is particularly important because the impact of 1
kilo of nitrous oxide on warming the atmosphere is about 300 times greater than
the impact of 1 kilo of carbon dioxide.
NPK fertilizers
translate into lower phytochemical levels. When plants grow explosively they
tend to cut back on making phytochemicals.. Many phytochemicals produced by
plants act as a natural defense system to protect plants from predators. When a
bug such as a caterpillar chews on a plant's leaf, the plant "hears"
the vibrations of the chewing and produces a phytochemical to defend itself
from further harm.
When crops are sprayed
with pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides, however, the plant has less of a
need to produce these in-house phytochemical weapons.
Fertilizer companies
claim their products are necessary to feed the world, but research poves and
demands working with nature instead of
against it — via agroecology or “ecological farming” — can produce as much food
without the need for chemical fertilizers. Cutting out chemical fertilizers
could reduce annual global greenhouse emissions by as much as 23 %..
The shift from chemical
fertilizers to agroecological practices would allow farmers to rebuild organic
matter in the world's soils, and thus capture a possible two- thirds of the
current excess CO2 in the atmosphere within 40 years.
TILL THE GREEN
REVOLUTION CAME TO INDIA, INDIA WAS CARBON NEGATIVE..
Nitrification
inhibitors delay the bacterial oxidation of the ammonium ion (NH4+) by
depressing over a certain period of time (four to ten weeks) the activity of
Nitrosomonas bacteria in the soil. These bacteria transform ammonium ions into
nitrite (NO 2–), which is further transformed into nitrate (NO3 –) by
Nitrobacter and Nitrosolobus bacteria.
The objective of using
nitrification inhibitors is to control the loss of nitrate by leaching or the
production of nitrous oxide (N2O) by denitrification from the topsoil by
keeping N in the ammonium form longer and thus increasing N-use efficiency.
Furthermore, nitrification inhibitors – by delaying the conversion of ammonium
to nitrate – avoid undesirable high nitrate levels in plants used for human and
animal nutrition.
“Neem Oil “is a proven
nitrification inhibitor. It slows down the process of nitrogen release from
Nitrogenous Fertilisers. PM Modi keeps boasting about urea coated with neem oil- but he has no idea how it works.. He thinks it is to prevent hijacking of urea to make explosives..
When you apply urea to
the soil as source of nitrogen fertilizer, it will hydrolyze into ammonia very
fast. Ammonia is a gas under normal temperature and pressure condition. The
loss of this gas into the atmosphere is economically substantial.
This
hydrolysis process is facilitated by the enzyme urease. So, urease inhibition
is the process of slowing down this hydrolysis process to minimize N loss. The
mechanism is that those chemicals considered as urease inhibitors will bind the
enzyme urease thus slowing down its effect in urease hydrolysis.
Urease Inhibitor is a
substance which inhibits hydrolytic action on urea by urease enzyme. When
applied to soils a urease inhibitor
results in less urea nitrogen lost by ammonia volatilization Urease inhibitors
block the conversion of urea to ammonia
for a period of one to two weeks..
Nitrogen Stabilizer is
a substance added to a fertilizer which extends the time the nitrogen component
of the fertilizer remains in the soil in
the [urea or] ammoniacal form
WE MUST RECLAIM OUR
HOLY TOP SOIL WHICH PRODUCED DIVINE FOOD WITH VEDIC GOLDEN MEAN 1.618
INHERENT..
JUST 55 YEARS OF GREEN
REVOLUTION ( ARTIFICIAL FERTILISERS / PESTICIDES ) OF DESH DROHI MS
VISHWANATHAN -FATHER OF GREEN REVOLUTION-- HAS KILLED 90% OF INDIAN LAKES WHICH
WERE IN PRISTINE CONDITION FOR MORE MILLIONS OF YEARS ..
-
STUPID FELLOW PC CHACKO WAS PRAISING THE GREEN AND WHITE REVOLUTION OF THE CONGRESS..
HE MUST READ THE BLOG POST BELOW-- TWO PARTS..
https://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2019/03/india-must-revert-to-organic_26.html
https://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2019/04/questions-from-capt-ajit-vadakayil.html
IN SIX DECADES IF THE PLANET DOES NOT GO BACK TO ORGANIC FARMING, WE WILL LAND UP IN A "INTERSTELLAR" MOVIE SCENARIO WHERE THE TOPSOIL OF THE PLANET IS TOTALLY DEPLETED, UNABLE TO PRODUCE FOOD..
THE WHITE REVOLUTION IN INDIA IS THE REASON WHY EVIL PHARMA IS SINGING ALL THE WAY TO THE KOSHER BANKS AS AYURVEDA SAYS 90% DISEASES ORIGINATE IN THE HUMAN GUT..
IF JAGAN MOHAN REDDY BECOMES CM OF ANDHRA HE MUST SCRAP THE CAPITAL CITY PLANS FOR AMARAVATHI.. CHANDRABABU NAIDU WAS IN A TEARING HURRY FOR PERSONAL BENEFIT..
FIRST OF ALL AMARAVATHI ANCIENT BUDDHIST CENTRE IS A COOKED UP HOAX..
THE SOIL OF AMARAVATHI IS SOFT AND UNSUITABLE .. 15% EXTRA MONEY WILL HAVE TO BE WASTED IN BUILDING STRONG FOUNDATIONS OF BUILDINGS..
THE SOIL IS PRONE TO LIQUEFACTION. DONT WE HAVE THINKERS IN INDIA?..
https://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2018/10/soil-liquefaction-during-earth-quakes.html
THE KRISHNA RIVER WILL DIE IF AMARAVATHI CITY COMES UP..
WHY ARE WE SACRIFICING A FERTILE AREA WHICH IS THE FOOD BOWL OF ANDHRA WITH THREE CROPS A YEAR ?..
capt ajit vadakayil
..
PUT ABOVE COMMENT IN WEBSITES OF--
JAGAN MOHAN REDDY
CHANDRABABU NAIDU
PMO
PM MODI
MS SWAMINATHAN
HEALTH MINISTER JP NADDA
HEALTHY MINISTRY CENTRAL
ALL STATE HEALTH MINISTER
FOOD MINISTER
FOOD MINISTRY
NCERT
EDUCATION MINISTER
EDUCATION MINISTRY
ENVIRONMENT MINISTER
ENVIRONMENT MINISTRY
WATER MINISTER
WATER MINISTRY
MADHAV GADGIL
K KASTURIRANGAN
NGT
COL RATHORE
I&B DEPT
CJI GOGOI
ALL SUPREME COURT JUDGES
ALL SUPREME COURT LAWYERS
LAW MINISTER
LAW MINISTRY
LIBERAL ROHINGTON NARIMAN
LIBERAL CHANDRACHUD
ATTORNEY GENERAL
AJIT DOVAL
RAW
IB
MIA
ED
CBI
RAJNATH SINGH
HOME MINISTRY
SWAMY
GURUMURTHY
RAJIV MALHOTRA
AMIT SHAH
ALL BJP SPOKESMEN
RSS
VHP
AVBP
RAM MADHAV
NCM
NHRC
NCW
SPEAKER LOK SABHA
SPEAKER RAJYA SABHA
CMs OF ALL INDIAN STATES
DGPs OF ALL STATES
GOVERNORS OF ALL STATES
PRESIDENT OF INDIA
VP OF INDIA
EVERY MP OF LOK SABHA AND RAJYA SABHA
EVERY CENTRAL MINISTER / MINISTRY
RAJEEV CHANDRASHEKHAR
MOHANDAS PAI
SOLI BABY
SALVE BABY
FALI BABY
KATJU BABY
KIRON KHER
MEENAKSHI LEKHI
SMRITI IRANI
ARUN SHOURIE
SRI SRI RAVISHANKAR
SADGURU JAGGI VASUDEV
BABA RAMDEV
GEN GD BAKSHI
SAMBIT PATRA
RSN SINGH
ALL CONGRESS SPOKESMEN
RAHUL GANDHI
SONIA GANDHI
PRIYANKA GANDHI
WEBSITES OF DESH BHAKT LEADERS
SPREAD ON SOCIAL MEDIA EVERY WHICH WAY
While the development
of top soil is Considered a slow millennial process, losses of top soil by
erosion can be more rapid devastating
and dramatic. Top soil erosion losses can
easily overrun the natural capacity to generate fertile top soil.
While erosion has been viewed as a physical
process, everything in the soil is
affected by the life within it. Indeed soil organic matter is the signature of life activity in the soil
itself. The living ability of microbes
can greatly augment physical and chemical processes without the intervention of biological forces.
During the 1930’s in the United States the Great Depression coincided with
massive soil erosion known as the Great Dust bowl ecosystem analysis shows that
primary plant productivity increases in relation to increase of mycorrhizal
fungi measured in glomalin related soil protein content as well as mycorrhizal colonization values.. .
The microbial world is co-dependent with the
plant – together they can both thrive. Every 27 tonnes of carbon sequestered
biologically in soil represents 100 tonnes of carbon dioxide removed from the
atmosphere. As a bonus, it also enables more reliable and profitable production
of nutritious food..
A biology-friendly approach to crop production – and carefully
planned grazing of pastures and rangeland - would enable agricultural land to become a net carbon sink (that is, soil
sequestering more carbon than it was losing).
In one thimbleful of healthy
soil, you can find several MILES of fungal filaments, all releasing powerful
enzymes that help dissolve tightly bound soil nutrients, such as organic
nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron.
Indeed, the top 6 inches of soil are the most
precious yet least understood ecosystem on Earth. To fully appreciate its
importance to our survival, you need to understand the role carbon plays in
maintaining the ecological balance.
Importantly, carbon-rich organic matter is
what gives soil its water-retention capacity, its structure and fertility, so
it’s really imperative to add organic matter back into the soil. Nitrogen
applied in excess of crop demand is lost through volatilization,
denitrification and leaching.
Fertilizer N (urea) application beyond
recommended rates enhances crop succulence, thus making the plants prone to
disease and pest infestation, and to lodging. Nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium are the three major nutrients required for healthy plant growth.
Cow
urine contains significant amounts of both nitrogen and potassium. In 24 hours
a cow or buffalo can give 6 litres of urine. If a farmer can have 2 cows or buffaloes
inhis house it gives 4380 litres of urine in one year which equals 65 kg nitrogen;
that amount of nitrogen equals to 136 kg urea.
If cow urine is used in field
continuously for three years then there will be no need of chemical fertilizer.
Losses of nitrogen from the soil/plant system not only reduce soil fertility
and plant yield but Ammonia emissions into the atmosphere contribute to acid
rain and represent an indirect source of nitrous oxide greenhouse gas
emissions.. Nitrate contamination of drinking water supplies can cause health
risks..
Excess applied N ( Urea
)) can be lost to the environment through nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions,
which contribute to global warming..
Once in the nitrate form,
the nitrogen is subject to loss. Nitrate moves freely throughout the soil
profile with moisture. In coarse-textured, well-drained soils, nitrate can
leach below the root zone and become unavailable to the crop.
Nitrate is also
subject to denitrification, a biological process that converts nitrate to a gas
that is lost to the atmosphere. This occurs in waterlogged soils. Another
nitrogen loss avenue is volatilization—the loss of free ammonia to the
atmosphere. This process has several steps.
First, an enzyme (urease) in the
soil and organic residue act on urea and convert it to an unstable form, which
can quickly change to ammonia and carbon dioxide. With ideal conditions, this
unstable form is converted to ammonium and is available for plant take-up.
However, when
conditions are less than ideal, the ammonia can be lost into the atmosphere.
Factors that influence this process are urease activity, temperature, soil
moisture, application method, soil pH and cation exchange capacity, a measure
of the soil’s ability to hold positively charged ions.
The greatest potential
for loss occurs when there are high amounts of residue on the soil surface and
the nitrogen source is applied on top of the field.
Your body creates
ammonia when it breaks down protein from foods. Ammonia contains nitrogen,
which mixes with other elements in your body, including carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen, to form urea.
Urea is a waste product that is excreted by the kidneys
when you urinate. The urine urea nitrogen test determines how much urea is in
the urine to assess the amount of protein breakdown.
The test can help
determine how well the kidneys are functioning and whether your intake of
protein is too high or low. Additionally, it can help diagnose whether you have
a problem with protein digestion or absorption from the gut.
Purines are
nitrogen-containing compounds, which are made inside the cells of your body
(endogenous).
Or it comes from
outside of your body, from intake of foods containing purine (exogenous). Purines are components of nucleosides, the
building blocks of DNA and RNA.
Relatively low price of
N fertilizers ( urea ) facilitates overuse. An attempt to overcome
the problem is the use of slow-release N fertilizers or the combined use of
urea and nitrification inhibitors (Ca). ...
When manure and urine
mix, ammonia is formed. If it is released into the air, it can precipitate in
nature, causing large amounts of nitrogen to end up on the ground.
Organic crops perform
better in weak-acidic to weak-alkaline soils—soils with pH between 5.5 and 8.0.
This happens because of the difficulty in managing phosphorus in organic
systems. Under strong alkaline and acidic conditions, phosphorus is less readily
available to plants as it forms insoluble phosphates
Bone meal is a mixture
of finely and coarsely ground animal bones and slaughter-house waste products.
It is used as an organic fertilizer for plants and as a nutritional supplement
for animals. As a slow-release fertilizer, bone meal is primarily used as a
source of phosphorus and protein.
As a fertilizer, the N-P-K
(Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium) ratio of bone meal can vary greatly, depending
on the source. From a low of 3-15-0 to as high as 2-22-0. , though some steamed
bone meals have N-P-Ks of 1-13-0..
Plants can only get phosphorus from bone
meal if the soil pH is below 7.0 (acidic soil).. Organic fertilizers usually
require the use of a variety of fungi in the soil to make the nutrients in the
fertilizer bioavailable to the plant.
For plants needing phosphorus, the fungi
mycorrhiza penetrate the roots and break down the compounds containing the
phosphorus for easier absorption and utilization, and in turn the plants supply
the mycorrhizae with amino acids and sugars..
Fish Meal (FM) has been used for
milliniums in India hundreds of years as an organic fertilizer. It is high in
nitrogen and phosphorus, and also contains important trace elements making it
an excellent broad-based organic fertilizer. Mix it thoroughly into the four
inches of the soil. Bone meal is a slow-release form of phosphorus (P) that may
be expressed as phosphate or phosphorus.
Phosphorus as a percentage is 2.3
times higher than numbers shown for phosphate, so 10 per cent phosphate is the
same as 23 per cent phosphorus. The calcium infusion from bone meal helps
plants develop strong and healthy cells and seeds. It also strengthens the
stems and aids in the development of new shoots in perennial crops and shrubs.
Plants use calcium from bone meal and other sources to produce cell walls and
root ends. Calcium deficiency shows itself in the roots, leaves and fruits of
plants, although it may be hard to detect if it is only affecting the roots.
All plants need
phosphorus, which bone meal supplies, especially when developing roots. It is
one of the three essential macronutrients, along with nitrogen and potassium.
Adequate amounts of phosphorus in the soil are essential for optimal crop
yields.
Cow dung is high in organic materials and rich in nutrients. It
contains about 3 percent nitrogen, 2 percent phosphorus, and 1 percent
potassium (3-2-1 NPK). Too much phosphorus will continue to promote root
growth, but in excess, it interferes with the roots’ relationships with
mycorrhizal fungi.
Without the mycorrhizal fungi, the roots have a more
difficult time developing and using the nutrients that surround it.
The Food Safety and
Standards (Organic Foods) Regulations, 2017 recognize already established two
systems of certification i.e. Participatory Guarantee System (PGS) implemented
by Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare and National Programme for
Organic Production (NPOP) implemented by Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
Which food products can
be labelled as ‘Organic ‘?
Under NPOP system:
-- In case of single
ingredient product where all requirements been met as per the specified standards can be labelled as
‘Organic’.
-- In case of multi
ingredient product where min. 95% of ingredients are of certified origin, can be labelled as ‘Certified
Organic’.
Under PGS-India system:
-- In case of single
ingredient product where all requirements have been met, may be labelled as ‘PGS- Organic’.
-- In case of multi
ingredient product where min. 95% of ingredients are organic, it may be labelled as ‘PGS- Organic’.
The consumer shall look
for Food Safety and Standard Authority of India’s organic logo (Jaivik Bharat) and FSSAI Logo License
number.
THERE IS LOT OF
BRAINWASH FROM WHITE JEWS THAT INDIA MUST NOT TILL OUR SOIL..
FUCK OFF YOU CUNTS !
YOU YOUR NO TILL
AGRICULTURE IN ISRAEL WHERE YOU HAVE SHIT SOIL WITH ONLY A COUPLE OF INCHES OF
TOP SOIL — WE DON’T NEED IT IN INDIA.. OUR TOP SOIL IS THICK ENOUGH AND WE DO
SHALLOW TILLING ..
INDIA INTRODUCED THE
CONCEPT OF TILLING TO THIS PLANET
Tilling allows you to
prepare a farming space fast.
Tilling the soil helps enrich the toil by speeding up the
decomposition of remaining crops, weeds and other organic matter that may be
lying on the surface. It loosens and
aerates the top layer of soil or horizon A, which facilitates planting the
crop. Loosening the soil not only provides a good footing for newly germinated
roots but it helps water, nutrients and oxygen reach those roots.
Tilling breaks up hard
soil and delivers nutrients deep into the soil. Plants need loose soil for
their roots to grow and spread, and tilling is the most efficient way to break
up a densely packed bed.
Tilling mechanically destroys weeds.. With
no-till a farmer has lost the ability to mechanically control weeds through
tillage. Tilling or cultivating your
garden helps tear weeds apart and break down their root systems.
Without
tillage, weeds have more time to establish themselves and grow.
Tilling increases air
in soil and stimulates the activity of aerobic bacteria. That helps break down
organic matter more quickly, releasing heat as energy. Air pockets that are
created by the deep loosening of soil facilitate air and water penetration for
plants to use. Air penetration is also important to the micro-organisms in the
soil that perform all kinds of important tasks creating nutrients for the plants
Compost, leaf litter,
grass clippings and other organic amendments are powerful sources of nitrogen
and carbon, two elements necessary for plant growth and good soil composition. Tilled
soils have pockets that can secrete water but they also allow excess water to
percolate down through soil which avoids sodden roots.
SOMEONE ASKED ME— WHY PUT
KERALA NENDRAN AND COCONUT WATER BANANA IN PACHGAVYA
WELL THEY ARE A GREAT
SOURCE OF POTASSIUM
Potassium (K) is an
essential nutrient for plant growth.
It's classified as a macronutrient because
plants take up large quantities of K during their life cycle. Potassium is
associated with the movement of water, nutrients and carbohydrates in plant
tissue. It’s involved with enzyme activation within the plant, which affects
protein, starch and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production.
The production of
ATP can regulate the rate of photosynthesis. Potassium helps regulate the
opening and closing of the stomata, which regulates the exchange of water
vapor, oxygen and carbon dioxide. If K is deficient or not supplied in adequate
amounts, it stunts plant growth and reduces yield.
In the soil itself,
potassium appears in three forms: (1) in the soil solution; (2) as the
exchangeable ion K+ adsorbed to, or released from, the surfaces of clay
particles; and (3) in organic matter. Potassium plays a most important role in
regulating the water status of plants by lowering water potential.
-
SOMEBODY ASKED ME—WHAT IS THIS IR8 RICE YOU HAVE MENTIONED IN YOUR BLOG..
WELL IT SACRIFICED QUALITY FOR QUANTITY.. THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE IS VERY POOR.
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2015/09/gm-ir8-rice-high-amylose-content.html
IN KERALA ITSELF WE HAD MORE THAN 1.82 LAKH ( 180,000 ) VARIETIES OF RICE.. RICE LIKE NJAVARA WAS PREVENTIVE MEDICINE.
THE IR8 WAS A CONSPIRACY ON THE THIRD WORLD BY ROTHSCHILD USING HIS FRONTS—THE FORD AND ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATIONS..
FAMINE WAS DELIBERATELY CREATED AS A HEGELIAN DIALECTIC TO PUSH THSE USELESS VARIETIES OF RICE WHICH GIVE YOU BRAIN FOG AND REDUCED FERTILITY OF WOMEN..
The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) is an international agricultural research and training organization with headquarters in Los Baños, Laguna in the Philippines and offices in seventeen countries with more than 1500 staff.
THE WHOLE IDEA WAS TO CONTROL FOOD .
STERILE / TERMINATOR SEEDS WAS THE FIRST STEP..
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2012/05/monsanto-and-farmer-suicides-in-india.html
SO SO SO-- In 1960, the KOSHER DEEP STATE established and funded the IRRI, the International Rice Research Institute, in the Philippines with Dr. Robert Chandler as its director. Henry Beachell became IRRI's chief rice breeder.
They imported seeds for over 10,000 varieties of rice from around the world. Many of these were dwarf varieties to cross with taller varieties.
In 1962, Dr. Peter Jennings made 38 crosses of various varieties at IRRI. The eighth was between a Chinese dwarf variety known as Dee-geo-woo-gen (DGWG) and a tall variety from Indonesia, Peta. This eighth cross was promising, but only 130 seeds were produced. How those 130 seeds became the famous IR8 variety was a DELIBERATE process –
The 130 seeds were planted in pots to produce the first generation (F1) of plants. All were tall.
The F1 seeds were planted and produced about 10,000 second-generation (F2) plants. One-quarter of those plants were dwarf. That meant that dwarfism was controlled by a single gene in the DGWG variety, making the job of producing a commercial variety a lot easier.
All of the tall plants from the F2 generation were discarded, and the short plants were planted to become the F3 generation.
From the F3 plants, Beachell used his plant judging skills to select 298 individual plants. Seeds from each of those plants were planted in individual "pedigree rows" to produce the fourth (F4) generation.
In that F4 generation, Beachell again selected the best individual plants. In row 288, the third plant in looked the best to him. He dubbed it IR8-288-3 and this F5 plant became the source for the revolutionary variety that became known simply as IR8.
By 1980, IR36 resisted pests and grew fast enough to allow two crops a year instead of just one, doubling the yield. Less time in chemical laden soil means less quality.. And by 1990, using more advanced genetic manipulation techniques, IR72 was outperforming even IR36
By employing "Terminator" genes, seed manufacturers can exercise patent enforcement techniques not too different from software activation. You can grow the plants fine, but the engineered traits require chemical activation, thus enforcing annual license fees from farmers.. Because genetically engineered seeds are patented, the seed company can maintain strict control over how the seeds are used.
CONTINUED TO 2--
-
SOMEBODY ASKED ME
CAPTAIN, YOU SAID THAT THE WHITE MAN STOLE AGRICULTURE FROM VEGAN INDIA .. CAN YOU AUTHENTICATE IT..
INDIA NEVER FACED FAMINE TILL THE WHITE INVADER CAME TO INDIA. WE PRODUCED PLENTIFUL FOOD..
WE GAVE AWAY FOOD GRAINS FREE TO THE DESERT NATIONS FROM KERALA..WE TOOK MONEY ONLY FOR SPICES AND TRANSLATED KNOWLEDGE..
THERE ARE MANY WHITE MEN WHO STOLE AGRICULTURAL IDEAS AND SEEDS FROM INDIA..
ONE EXAMPLE ?
A PORTUGUESE JEW NAMED GARCIA DE ORTA , BASED IN GOA WAS IN KERALA FOR YEARS SCROUNGING FOR NUGGETS OF KNOWLEDGE.. HE KNEW MALAYALAM.
One of his books is available in Indian libraries..
His book published in 1563 Colóquios dos simples e drogas da India, was a treatise on the medicinal and economic plants of India. A postal stamp of Garcia de Orta was released by Portugal in 1963..JEW GARCIA DE ORTA is the one who took Indian agricultural practices to the west..
Now the white man tries to prove that he taught India agriculture..
capt ajit vadakayil
..
-
Dear Capt Ajit sir,
Looks like Acharya Vinobha Bhave is getting second life....with foreword from Daaji - Current spiritual head of Heartfulness.org and Sahaj Marg.
Release of the book "Talks on the Gita" by Acharya Vinoba Bhave
https://www.shpt.in/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=2825
Sahaj Marg Information Service to: sahajnet.in 04/06/2019 10:57 PMSent by: sahajnet.IN-owner@sahajmarg.infoPlease respond to "Sahaj Marg Information Service"-
VINOBHA BHAVE BHOODAN MOVEMENT WAS ALL ABOUT GRABBING AND LAUNDERING LANDS
K.F.Rustomji, one of the senior-most cops of India while writing 50 years of policing in India has recorded “ Telugu Communists were the first terrorists in Independent India.”
Bhoodan was one of the greatest CRIMINAL events which happened in Independent India.
A low flying Chitpavan Jew nay Brahmin messiah with a Gandhian legacy ( see my shit does not smell ) was used to distribute grabbed land .
These lands could NEVER EVER be sold as there were NO land deeds –all were burnt .
It could be only distributed under a LIE by using a LOW FLYING MESSIAH .
After all Chitpavan Jew nay Brahmin Vinobha Bhave was the heir to the Gandhian legacy .
Only commie cadres benefited.
Land was grabbed by Rothschild’s agents every which way. Chitpavan Jew nay Brahmin Acharya Vinoba Bhave, ( drawing from Gandhi’s legacy ) grabbed land in a OFFICIAL manner .
He kick started the Bhoodan ("gift of land") movement in Andhra Pradesh to appeal to landlords to relinquish a portion of their property to be given to the landless. Walking from village to village, Chitpavan Jew nay Brahmin Vinobha Bhave accumulated more than 5.1 million acres of fertile land .
One of Vinoba Bhave's followers, Jayaprakash Narayan ( on official record as a CIA spook ) , together with a former Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court, V.M. Tarkunde, later founded the civil liberties organization and Citizens for Democracy.
In 1958 Vinoba Bhave was the first recipient of the Magsaysay Award . He was awarded the Bharat Ratna posthumously in 1983. Jayaprakash Narayan would also grab a Magsaysay award and a Bharat Ratna .
Bhoodan movement created extreme land hunger among landless. Subdivision and fragmentation of fertile land did NOT help.
Telugu commie leaders duped the commie cadre to apply for land multiple times in the name of wives, children , cat , dog etc. to get more and more free land. And then the duped commie cadre had no option but to sell back the illegally received land FREE to commie leaders--give it back or go to jail .
CHOOOO CHIMPLE !
And now the commies want to use BLOCKHAIN to make this process irreversible..
We ask the Modi govt—NAIL THE BHOODAN MAFIA !
It is very simple to find out the EVIL Telugu Commie leader landowners , who had NO land before 1942 .
It is a LIE that Vinobha Bhave went around on foot collecting land. This is just commie propaganda.
Almost all Bhoodan workers were commie political agents controlled by foreign forces .
Some landlords / Ex-Zamindars donated land as ‘bribe’ to Bhoodan workers- with hope of getting favourable returns e.g. ticket in local election, road-contracts, building contracts etc.
Well well—what do you know !
CONTINUED TO 2-- -
CONTINUED FROM 1-
Commie cadre were forced to sell back land to Commie leaders at throw away prices by twisting their arms.
These commie leaders made sure that the commie cadre land recipient could NOT make a profit by tilling his piece of land .
The small commie farmers were starved off seeds, fertilizer, irrigation etc.
The average size of land given to beneficiary ranged from 0.5 to 3 acres. With severe land fragmentation , NO profits could ever be made by the poor commie cadre . They had NO option but to sell the land to Telugu Commie leaders.
Some of these EVIL commie and congress leaders became great respected political leaders .
The Sarvodaya and Gramdan movement of Vinobha Bhav and JP created thousands of farmers with too small lands, they sold back to Telugu commie leaders .
These descendants of these poor farmers are now the ones living in Mumbai chawls and slums .
These vulnerable people would be employed in the industries of rich crypto Jew Marwaris and Chitpavan Jews nay brahmins and Parsis .
You see , they were UNCHAINED from small unproductive lands obtained as “gifts” and they are blessed to be workers in alien cities , living in dirt and slime.
Hey, JNU commie historians , your bullshit ends now !
WHY WAS THE ITALIAN WAITRESS AND COMMIES SO KEEN TO DIVIDE UP INDIAs MINERAL RICH LANDS TO DISTRIBUTE IT AMONG TRIBALS ?
WHY ARE ZIONIST JEWS SO KEEN THAT TRIBALS MUST OWN LANDS ?
THE NO 1 PROBLEM OF INDIA IS SUBDIVISION AND FRAGMENTATION OF FERTILE FOOD PRODUCING LANDS
WHEN A LAND AREA BECOMES TOO SMALL YOU CANT MAKE A PROFIT AS LABOUR COSTS ARE TOO HIGH. FARMERS THEN GO TO CITIES TO BECOME BUILDING WATCHMEN
LORD PARASHURAMA WAS THE FIRST TO RECOGNIZE THIS 6000 YEARS AGO IN KERALA.. HE STOPPED SUB DIVISON AND FRAGMENTATION OF LANDS. ONLY THE ELDEST NAMOODIRI BROTHER COULD OWN LAND.
http://ajitvadakayil-1.blogspot.com/2011/10/the-worst-racists-on-planet-earth-capt.html
FARMERS SUICIDES ARE DUE TO "SUBDIVISION AND FRAGMENTATION OF FERTILE LAND
THE HOLY TOP SOIL ( ONCE HUMUS LADEN )—ONE SIX FEET DEEP HAS IN JUST 55 YEARS OF GREEN REVOLUTION BECOME ONE FOOT DEEP , DEVOID OF MICROBES AND TOO THIRSTY.
Capt ajit vadakayil
..
-
WHY DO YOU THINK CHANDRABABU NAIDU WAS PALPITATING TO USE BLOCKCHAIN FOR LAND POOLED UNDER AMARAVATI CAPITAL SCHEME ?..
IN ONE DECADE OF EXISTENCE THE ONLY SINGLE DEED OF BLOCKCHAIN IS TO REGULARIZE GRABBED LAND ( BY JEWS ) IN ISRAEL AND GEORGIA..IRREVERSIBLY !
https://qz.com/india/1325423/indias-andhra-state-is-using-blockchain-to-build-capital-amaravati/
READ ALL 18 PARTS OF MY BLOCKCHAIN SERIES..
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2018/04/blockchain-bitcoin-must-be-kicked-out.html
PUT THIS COMMENT IN WEBSITES OF--
JAGAN MOHAN REDDY
GOVERNOR OF ANDHRA
KCR
GOVERNOR OF TELENGANA..
RAJNATH SINGH
HOME MINISTRY
PMO
PM MODI
NITI AYOG
AMITABH KANT
AJIT DOVAL
ED
NIA
CBI
AW MINISTER
LAW MINISTRY
AMIT SHAH
RAM MADHAV
CJI GOGOI
ALL SUPERME COURT JUDGES
HIGH COURT CHIEF JUSTICE ANDHRA
capt ajit vadakayil
..
IN ONE DECADE OF EXISTENCE THE ONLY SINGLE DEED OF BLOCKCHAIN IS TO REGULARIZE GRABBED LAND ( BY JEWS ) IN ISRAEL AND GEORGIA..IRREVERSIBLY !
https://qz.com/india/1325423/indias-andhra-state-is-using-blockchain-to-build-capital-amaravati/
READ ALL 18 PARTS OF MY BLOCKCHAIN SERIES..
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2018/04/blockchain-bitcoin-must-be-kicked-out.html
PUT THIS COMMENT IN WEBSITES OF--
JAGAN MOHAN REDDY
GOVERNOR OF ANDHRA
KCR
GOVERNOR OF TELENGANA..
RAJNATH SINGH
HOME MINISTRY
PMO
PM MODI
NITI AYOG
AMITABH KANT
AJIT DOVAL
ED
NIA
CBI
AW MINISTER
LAW MINISTRY
AMIT SHAH
RAM MADHAV
CJI GOGOI
ALL SUPERME COURT JUDGES
HIGH COURT CHIEF JUSTICE ANDHRA
capt ajit vadakayil
..
The Protection of Plant
Variety and Farmers Right Act, 2001 (PPVFR Act) is an Act of the Parliament of
India that was enacted to provide for the establishment of an effective system
for protection of plant varieties, the rights of farmers and plant breeders,
and to encourage the development and cultivation of new varieties of plants.
This act received the assent of the President of India on the 30 October 2001.
NOT A SINGLE DAM IN INDIA HAS BEEN FITTED WITH DESILTING CAPABILITY..
ALMOST ALL OF INDIAs MAJOR DAMS ARE SILTED BETWEEN TO TO 70%
BUILDING DAMS IN INDIA WAS A WAY FOR CORRUPT POLITICIANS TO MAKE MONEY
MOST OF INDIAs DAMS ARE MERE WHITE ELEPHANTS..
WE MUST HAVE THE CAPABILITY TO BUILD DREDGERS SUITABLE FOR DESILTING
REMOVED SILT CAN BE CONVERTED TO FANTASTIC ORGANIC FERTILIZER BY USING ORGANIC CATALYSTS..
BELOW: ORGANIC PESTICIDE OF HUMPED COW URINE AND NEEM LEAVES
THIS POST IS NOW CONTINUED TO PART 3 BELOW--
CAPT AJIT VADAKAYIL
..
Dear Captain,
ReplyDeleteI follow and recommend to my friends that they take time to gain some valuable information on wide range of topics.
Captain
ReplyDeleteI am searching for mail for all of the people you mentioned who we should send comment.
So i just semd your comments on their mail or just paste comment on their twitter account?
I am searching for their mail but i am not able to find all of these people's mail.
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2011/02/gratitude-noblest-of-all-virtues-capt.html?m=1
DeleteSee at end of this post some of emails complied by other readers
Hi,
DeletePlease find below list of email id's compiled.
cm@maharashtra.gov.in,
connect@mygov.nic.in,
gaur_piyush@rediffmail.com,
eam@mea.gov.in,
ajaitley@sansad.nic.in,
manoharparrikar@yahoo.co.in,
nsab.nscs@nic.in,
kkvenu@vsnl.com,
rajev.c@sansad.nic.in,
mosvks@mea.gov.in,
governor@rajbhavangoa.org,
sharma.rekha@gov.in,
drhrshvardhan@gmail.com,
srinivas.rn@nic.in,
Yogi.Adityanath@sansad.nic.in,
mib.inb@nic.in,
minister.yas@nic.in,
2009vidisha@gmail.com,
rattanlalkataria.bjp@gmail.com,
amitabh.kant@nic.in,
csoffice@nic.in,
cs@punjab.gov.in,
spprabhu1@gmail.com,
supremecourt@nic.in,
swamy39@gmail.com,
mvnaidu@sansad.nic.in,
smritizirzni@gmail.com,
smritizirani@sansad.nic.in,
jsncw-wcd@nic.in,
jsrev@nic.in,
jscpg-mha@nic.in,
jsabc-dea@nic.in,
office@arunjaitley.com,
piyush@bjp.org,
orajagopalbjp@gmail.com,
chairperson-ncw@nic.in,
nitin.gadkari@nic.in,
vaibhav.dange@nic.in,
jpnadda@gmail.com,
narendramodi1234@gmail.com,
17akbarroad@gmail.com,
palkrishangurjar2014@gmail.com,
nsitharaman@gmail.com,
sethi.niranjan@gmail.com,
ravis@sansad.nic.in,
rsprasad.bjp@gmail.com,
secy.inb@nic.in,
cmup@nic.in,
pseam@mea.gov.in,
pstohrm@gov.in,
pp.chaudhary@sansad.nic.in,
sushma.sahu@gov.in,
request-hrd@gov.in,
rawat.alok@gov.in,
rsdalal@hry.nic.in,
ms-ncw@nic.in,
m.subbarayan@nic.in,
kashish.mittal@ias.nic.in,
wim-dfs@nic.in,
wio-commerce@nic.in,
lk-admin@nic.in,
ambuj.sharma38@nic.in,
admin@nic.in,
feedback-mha@nic.in,
minister.hrd@gov.in,
dr.mahesh@sansad.nic.in,
office-hcm@gov.in,
supremecourt@hub.nic.in,
yogiadityanath72@gmail.com,
contact@yogiadityanath.in,
advanilk@sansad.nic.in,
lk.advani@sansad.nic.in,
murli@sansad.nic.in,
jp.nadda@sansad.nic.in,
indiaportal@gov.in,
contact@amitshah.co.in,
amitshah.bjp@gmail.com,
ramvilas.paswan@sansad.nic.in,
hsgima@gmail.com,
jse@nic.in
drhrshvardhan@gmail.com,
rsdalal@hry.nic.in,
request-hrd@gov.in,
rawat.alok@gov.in,
ravis@sansad.nic.in,
pp.chaudhary@sansad.nic.in,
pstohrm@gov.in,
pseam@mea.gov.in,
jscpg-mha@nic.in,
jsabc-dea@nic.in,
jsncw-wcd@nic.in,
jsrev@nic.in,
sushma.sahu@gov.in,
secy.inb@nic.in,
supremecourt@nic.in,
sharma.rekha@gov.in,
Sushma Swaraj <2009vidisha@gmail.com>,
manoharparrikar@yahoo.co.in,
m.subbarayan@nic.in,
mvnaidu@sansad.nic.in,
mib.inb@nic.in,
ms-ncw@nic.in,
minister.yas@nic.in,
feedback-mha@nic.in,
chairpersonncw@nic.in,
cmup@nic.in,
chairperson-ncw@nic.in,
cs@punjab.gov.in,
csoffice@nic.in,
office@arunjaitley.com,
Info@sureshprabhu.in,
urijitpatel@rbi.org.in,
lk-admin@nic.in,
amitabh.kant@nic.in,
ambuj.sharma38@nic.in,
17akbarroad@gmail.com,
ajaitley@sansad.nic.in,
admin@nic.in,
kashish.mittal@ias.nic.in,
kkvenu@vsnl.com,
smritizirzni@gmail.com,
smritizirani@sansad
Captain, I know this comment won't be published but I came to know that twitter account is locked as soon as a link of your blog or comment this posted. Maybe, certain keywords are blocked so its always better to use url shortners.
ReplyDeleteNamastey Captain,
ReplyDeleteDo vedic cow dung contain gut friendly bacteria.Can we consume it to improve gut health
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2013/08/probiotics-prebiotics-friendly-gut.html
Delete
ReplyDeletehttps://www.quora.com/What-is-up-with-Quora-deleting-questions-regarding-Ajit-Vadakayil
WARN QUORA CEO ANGELA D ADAMS THAT QUORA IS GUILTY OF ALLOWING FOUL ATTACKS ON INDIA AND HINDUS ..
QUORA MODERATION TEAM IS GUILTY OF ALLOWING PERSONAL ATTACKS ON CAPT AJIT VADAKAYIL AND FOUL SEXUAL INNUENDO AGAINST HIS WIFE ..
QUORA IS A PROPAGANDA MOUTHPIECE ( JUST LIKE WIKIEPDIA ) FOR THE KOSHER DEEP STATE ..
WHETHER QUORA/ WIKIPEDIA/ TWITTER / FACEBOOK LIKES IT OR INDIA INDIA WLLL BE THIS PLANETS NO 1 SUPERPOWER IN 14 YEARS..
QUORA CEO IS BEING REFERRED TO THE INDIAN GOVT FOR BEING RACIST LIE JACK DORSEY.. THERE WILL BE RETRIBUTION..
capt ajit vadakayil
..
SOMEBODY ASKED ME
ReplyDeleteWHAT WAS THE REASON FOR THAT SWIPE AT VANDANA SHIVA
WELL , SHE IS THE “CATs WHISKERS “ IN THE FIELD OF ORGANIC FARMING..
She received the Right Livelihood Award in 1993, an honor known as an "Alternative Nobel Prize".
IF I WERE TO PUT HER THROUGH AN OBJECTIVE EXAM ON BASICS , SHE WONT EVEN SCORE 3%..
Capt ajit vadakayil
..
https://www.trustnodes.com/2019/03/02/us-seizes-2-1-billion-isis-gold-no-bitcoin
ReplyDeleteUS HAS STOLEN MORE THAN 43 TONNES OF ISIS GOLD-- IN IEU OF ALLOWING TOP ISIS COMMANDERS TO ESCAPE WITH SNIPER GUNS..
COMMENTS ARE NOW OPEN IN THIS POST
ReplyDeleteSOMEBODY CALLED ME UP--
ReplyDeleteHE SAID "THAT PRO-PAKISTANI SUWAR NAMED RAZIMAN TV RIDICULED THE TOE RING CULTURE OF HINDU WOMEN.. AND YOU REPLIED THAT IT IS A AYURVEDIC MARMA POINT "
LISTEN MARMAS AND MERIDIANS ARE USED IN AYURVEDA ( TO HEAL ) AND KALARI ( TO KILL ).
ALL ACUPRESSURE AND ACUPUNCTURE REMEDIES IN MODERN TIMES IS LIFTED FROM AYURVEDA AND KALARI.
SEE THE VIDEO BELOW-- AN OLD MAN WHO SUFFERED FROM KNEE PAIN FOR 40 YEARS SAYS HE GOT CURED IN A FEW MINUTES BY APPLICATION ON A PENCIL POINT ON A SPOT OF HIS RING FINGER..
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q_W_iKT5CI4
WELL I CAN VOUCH FOR THIS..
MY BROTHER IN LAW , WENT FOR SAME SUJOK TREATMENT ( KOCHI ) FOR ACUTE KNEE PAIN HE SUFFERED FOR DECADES..JUST YESTERDAY..
THEY PUT A MOONG GRAM ( CHERUPAYAR ) SEED ON A SPOT OF THE RING FINGER AND TIED A CELLO TAPE AROUND IT.. HE SAT THERE WATCHING THE SEED THROUGH THE TAPE AND FOUND THAT HIS KNEE PAIN JUST VANISHED..
AFTER TWO HOURS HE WAS TOLD TO REMOVE THE TAPE --AND HE WALKED OUT WITH NO PAIN..
YES-- WHO CARES IF QUORA OR WIKIPEDIA DOES NOT AGREE.
WHO CARES OF THEY CALL MUDRAS AND MARMAS PSEUDO SCIENCE..
SUJOK IS KOREAN
REIKI IS JAPNES
ACUPUNCTURE IS CHINESE
THE ORIGIN IS INDIAN -- MILLINIUMS BEFORE KOREANS / JAPANESE/ CHINESE LEARNT TO SPEAK ..
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2011/07/secrets-of-mudras-capt-ajit-vadakayil.html
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2011/08/reiki-capt-ajit-vadakayil.html
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2012/06/reiki-and-weight-management-capt-ajit.html
SOMEBODY HAD ASKED ME-- WHY THREE AND A HALF COILS FOR YOUR FIRST DEEKSHA?
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2018/02/sanatana-dharma-hinduism-exhumed-and_7.html
A CRIMINAL OR HOMOSEXUAL WHO SOULD CANNOT RISE BEYOND THE FIRST ASTRAL LAYER WILL HAVE ONLY TWO COILS IN HIS INNER EAR COCHLEA..
A MAN OF HIGH SOUL FREQUENCY WILL HAVE 3 COILS IN HIS COCHLEA SPIRAL--WORTHY OF SIXTH ASTRAL LAYER.
A JIVAN MUKT ( MOKSHA SOUL ) SAGE WHOSE SOUL HAS ATTAINED HIGHEST FREQUENCY --SAME AS BRAHMAN THE MORPHOGENETIC CONSCIOUSNESS FIELD -- WILL HAVE THREE AND A HALF COILS IN HIS INNER EAR..
THE MAHARISHI CAN HEAR COSMIC SOUNDS.. HE CAN DOWNLOAD VEDAS FROM AKASHA .. HE WILL HAVE AURAS OF VIBGYOR ENCASED IN A GOLDEN SHEATH..
Vedic seers used the inner ear method for bending space time.
MY REVELATIONS NOW JUMP TO 59.44%..
capt ajit vadakayil
..
Pranaam Elderly Ajit Sir, I am grateful to you for this revelation.
DeleteDear Capt Ajit sir,
DeleteWhich is the best Aura detector and gives consistent good results if you have seen and experienced so far. I would like to check it myself and also recommend to others so that they know where they stand and work to improve their aura.
How can you detect the inner ear cochlea spiral thru x-rays or any other equipment, so that we can get some of the so called saints like Nithyananda, Jaggi Vasudev, Sri Sri checked up and given their due status ?
BJP MUST KNOW THIS...
ReplyDeleteMAJORITY OF THE NON-CHRISTIAN , NON-MUSLIM POPULATION OF WAYANAD ARE AYYAPPA BHAKTS..
REMIND PEOPLE OF WHAT HAPPENED AT SABARIMALA THIS SEASON..
Dear Capt Ajit sir,
DeleteI had inkling of standing as an independent from Bangalore South, but when they announced Mrs Tejaswini Ananthkumar, I sort of reclined to contest for some reason. But, when they changed overnight to Tejaswini Surya, I sort of struggled within, my heart telling to contest...but could not do so. Now, when Rahul was sort of aligned to contest from Wayanad, I have strong inner urge to even contest there for the last 3-4 days, yesterday, it's even more intense and today morning had imagined even asking for Ayyappa jyothi to be lit every day till elections get over in Wayanad to remind Rahul and also contest against Rahul Gandhi even as an independent. Need your guidance and even had the idea of requesting CM Pinarayi Vijayan to ask CPI to withdraw and let's see if Rahul can win against an independent. I know this is wild...but my family especially my wife are totally against contesting, when I told them about it. But my friends and others in office are confident that I have that urge to do something right to make India#1. What to do ?
Murthy Sir, I am also confident what you are doing is right. Your family is saying no, may be that's out of care towards you. They will understand.
DeleteI love that India #1.
Your above post, Hahaha. You want to expose every rogue gurus. For such fake gurus, I think a little interview on tv will do. Just basic questions.
Those kirlean eyes of Maharishis, I am guessing they used that facility to resolve tricky cases or may be to save the time.
Ajit Sir, tweeted to Mr. Donald Trump and US-India embassies.
ReplyDeletehttps://twitter.com/Sashwatdharma/status/1112568531084816386
Tweeted to Quora, other social media platforms, Indian authorities.
Namaskaaram nobeatingaroundthebush - I am grateful for your presence here.
ReplyDeleteAMBULANCES WILL BE MISUSED FOR FERRYING CASH AND LIQUOR DURING ELECTIONS..
ReplyDeleteIT HAS ALREADY STARTED !
https://www.quora.com/Is-Quora-losing-its-credibility-because-of-its-propaganda-of-being-anti-India-anti-Hindu
ReplyDeleteI WANT MY READERS TO BLAST QUORA.. PUT THE LINK BELOW IN YOUR COMMENT
https://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2019/03/questions-from-capt-ajit-vadakayil.html
DECLARE THAT WE IN INDIA DO NOT TRUST RACIST QUORA ANYMORE.. DECLARE THAT QUORA IS KOSHER DEEP STATE MOUTHPIECE –JUST LIKE WIKIPEDA..
capt ajit vadakayil
..
The question has been deleted
DeleteSir, they deleted this question.
Deletehttps://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/01/asia/china-us-fentanyl-trump-intl/index.html
ReplyDeleteKHALISTANI MOVEMENT IS KICK STARTED BY CHINESE FENTANYL INTO PUNJAB-- VIA PAKISTANI ISI..
Dear Capt Ajit sir,
ReplyDelete41 yr old Zelinskiy leads exit polls in Ukraine...the Kiev people are saying... why not vote for a comedian to get something better... A Rothschild signature at play. He's linked to business tycoon Komilinsky.
http://www.uawire.org/us-special-representative-predicts-fall-of-maduro-regime-within-year
ReplyDeleteWHAT ELSE - EVIL JEW ELLIOTT ABRAMS ?
Dear Capt Ajit sir,
ReplyDeleteHere's the classsic civilizational showcasing of Modi's Varanasi v/s Rahul's second constituency Wayanda depicts reviving Hinduism v/s reviving Islam ...https://www.opindia.com/2019/03/while-modi-chose-varanasi-rahul-chooses-wayanad-both-made-a-civilisational-point-that-should-not-be-missed/
Sir, My account got locked once again.
ReplyDeleteMessage: We ask pm modi and the security of agencies of India
Tweeted to American President, US-India Embassy, some Indian authorities.
https://twitter.com/Sashwatdharma/status/1112934271562452992
Captain
ReplyDeletePosted the following comment in Quora under Rajiv Sahni’s comment today. Still no action taken. This is my 4th comment so far. My objective is not to fight with Quora now as it is clear that Quora just doesn’t care but personally I wanted this specific comment to be removed somehow. Will keep trying as long as my account is active. Let me see.
Quora moderation team, please have this personal comment removed immediately. This doesn’t belong to high standards of Quora that I trust. This violates quora’s policy clearly.
https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/malaika-aroras-pictures/articleshow/68668497.cms
ReplyDeleteHERE IS SOME FACE LOTION FOR THE BIMBETTES
AAAARRRGGHHH PPPTTHHEEOOOYYYYYYYYYY
https://www.indiatimes.com/technology/science-and-future/mission-shakti-created-400-pieces-of-dangerous-debris-that-can-harm-space-station-says-nasa-364702.html?utm_source=TOInewHP_TILwidget&utm_medium=ABtest&utm_campaign=TOInewHP
ReplyDeleteCHECK OUT YANK HYPOCRISY AND EXCEPTIONALISM..
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2019/02/america-caused-global-warming-with.html
The basis most commonly cited for American exceptionalism is the idea that the United States and its people hold a special place in the world, by offering opportunity and hope for humanity, derived from a unique balance of public and private interests governed by constitutional ideals that are focused on personal and economic freedom. …..
This position is driven by a (usually implicit) premise that the United States cannot violate international law (and in particular international human rights norms), bcoz UNCLE SAMs EXCEPTIONAL SH1T DOES NOT SMELL…
American exceptionalism has metamorphosed in a foul manner from an ideal DREAM to arrogant / immoral moral superiority … American exceptionalism is now construed as nak#d imperialism, laying down their own laws , striking unilaterally and riding rough-shod over people's cultures and beliefs…
LOOK MAA –THESE DIRTY INDIANS WASH THEIR ASSH0LES AFTER DROPPING THE DUNG !.....
Americans revel in the mindless exceptionalism. … Root cause is terrific ignorance… Intellectuals of USA listen up… This term has now swung to the other extreme….
AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM which you were so proud of, is now a term to be SPAT on ashamed of… It is NO longer about HONOUR and GLORY OF HUMAN SPIRIT … It is now about DIABOLICAL HYPOCRISY most foul…
HILLARY CLINTON AS THE AGENT OF JEW ROTHSCHILD CREATED , ARMED AND FUNDED ISIS . …. SHE KNEW HER CRYPTO JEW DONORS SAUDI AL SAUD KING ( re-elected to UN Human Rights Council ) AND QATARI AL THANI KING FUNDED ISIS….
HERE COMES THE EPITAPH ON THE TOMBSTONE OF THE GRAVE OF AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM... THIS FROM CAPT AJIT VADAKAYIL, THE NO 1 ON SOCIAL MEDIA ……
AARRGGHH FUCK1N’ PTTHHEEOOOYYYY !....
The term AMERICAN EXCEPTIONISM has come to describe the belief that the United States has an exceptional position among countries, and should not be bound by international law except where it serves American interests….
All this nonsense of America behaving as a "nation above nations" imposing its hegemony on the rest of the world, acting in its own interest, with no concern for others, will soon come to a grinding halt…..
AMERICA -- SH0VE YOUR “SUPER DELEGATE” EXCEPTIONAL DEMOCRACY !.... AND SH0VE IT GOOD !!... WE DON’T WANT IT !!!
SPARE US THIS “WE DROP ONLY GOOD BOMBS SH1T “!!...
This planet shall see through this BULLSH1T of American exceptionalism … -- the CH0OTIYA belief that the United States differs qualitatively from other developed nations because of its national credo, historical evolution, or distinctive political and religious institutions…..
I can understand if India does this, as we ruled this planet before 7000 BC by giving and never taking.
Only India has moral authority on this planet.......
capt ajit vadakayil. ..
these whites almost never have any genuine praise for us when it could mean that their own position is threatened. They take us for idiots who want to shoot satellites without factoring in the consequences, never mind that we knew it would burn out within 6 months. So too those ignoramuses who used wrong angles to prove tht the Balakot strike missed it's target which was again debunked when it was pointed out that the images used and the angles that they assumed were all wrong. I mean we can launch and shoot down satellites but we cannnot compute the elevation of a few buildings in a forested area we want to hit with missiles because it's hardly ever been done and how can Indians ever do it so we obviously missed the target. Lol.
Deletehttps://www.quora.com/Is-Adam-DAngelo-a-genius
ReplyDeleteI WANT MY READERS TO COMMENT HERE THAT ANGELO D ADAMS IS A RACIST AND THE MALE VERSION OF XAVIERA HOLLANDER BY STARTING A SEX FANTASY QUORA SECTION WHICH INCLUDES INCEST AND PEDOPHILIA..
https://www.quora.com/Is-Adam-DAngelo-a-genius
DeleteDone
PUT THE SAME IN THESE LINKS TOO..
Deletehttps://www.quora.com/How-did-Adam-DAngelo-improve-so-fast-in-TopCoder
https://www.quora.com/What-has-Adam-DAngelo-learned-from-Mark-Zuckerberg
https://www.quora.com/How-rich-is-Adam-D%E2%80%99Angelo
https://www.quora.com/What-websites-does-Adam-DAngelo-visit-regularly
https://www.quora.com/Why-is-Adam-DAngelo-so-good
https://www.quora.com/Does-Adam-DAngelo-have-a-girlfriend-1
https://www.quora.com/Is-Adam-DAngelo-a-billionaire
https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-things-Adam-DAngelo-taught-Mark-Zuckerberg
https://www.quora.com/Who-is-a-better-programmer-Mark-Zuckerberg-or-Adam-DAngelo
MY ELDER SON CAN BEAT BOTH HYPED UP TUFTS MARK BABY AND ANGELO BABY IN CODING ANY DAY.. ASK ANGELO BABY IF HE EVER HEARD OF DIVYA NARENDRA..
https://www.quora.com/Is-it-true-that-Adam-DAngelo-taught-Mark-Zuckerberg-how-to-code
https://www.quora.com/How-did-Adam-DAngelo-transition-to-being-a-CEO
https://www.quora.com/How-technical-is-Adam-DAngelo
https://www.quora.com/How-did-Adam-DAngelo-and-his-team-validate-Quora
https://www.quora.com/Why-didnt-Adam-DAngelo-completely-fund-Quora
https://www.quora.com/unanswered/Adam-DAngelo-What-is-you-vision-beyond-Quora
https://www.quora.com/At-what-age-did-Adam-DAngelo-create-Quora
https://www.quora.com/What-percent-of-Quora-does-Adam-DAngelo-own
https://www.quora.com/Why-did-Adam-DAngelo-invest-his-own-money-in-Quora
https://www.quora.com/How-much-money-did-Adam-DAngelo-make-from-Facebook
https://www.quora.com/Did-Mark-Zuckerberg-call-in-his-buddy-Adam-DAngelo-in-order-to-scale-Facebook-Would-Friendster-have-beaten-Facebook-if-it-hired-Adam-DAngelo-instead
capt ajit vadakayil
..
Done sir!
DeleteDone Captain
DeleteAfter answering in all above quora links, I am totally banned from quora.
Deletehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPPSangaJ-4
ReplyDeletehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3HubRc3820
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a0zH7kSxEAI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lYDFh8B7S40
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ykc7pFcCPq4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBlKn_cwYZQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jsYsbi3GPjY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U7TioAV6J-4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkpI3h-e0NY
MADAN MOHAN ( WHO KAUN THI – LAG JA GALE – RAGA PAHADI ) LOST TO LAXMIKANT PYARELAL ( DOSTI ) IN 1964 FILM FARE AWARDS .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tjB61sfhojo
people who walk away hark - turn back and look at me – i too am a human, just like you -- he created everyone from his own form - i too am his symbol just like you – this is my fate in this unusual world--
SANGAM SONG ALSO LOST OUT --
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3NJU9aPB7E4
my friend, did not remain my friend-- my love, did not remain my love- I trusted my friend to look after my love -- if that was not you then who was it ? it was you- my high has subsided, my intoxication remains no more.
Sir, all instrumentals are great.
DeleteFeeling refreshed. :-)
namaste captain ji.
ReplyDeletehttps://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-israel-will-decline-and-jews-will-be-persecuted-those-who-can-will-flee-1.6848498
ReplyDeleteRequest to all readers specially south indian share below post on social media & expose congress party/ngo/christian evanglesist etc.
ReplyDeleteAt the end of the post captain expose congress party & write--
"Many innocent people and police died along with Rajiv Gandhi. But nothing happened to any of the congress party members not even a minor injury".
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2012/08/aidmk-dmk-misplaced-support-for-ltte.html
no one deshbhakt give vote to congress party if they know congress party big fish aware of rajiv gandhi assasination.
ALL RIGHT--
ReplyDeleteTIME FOR NEW QUORA QUESTIONS UNDER "IS CAPT AJIT VADAKAYIL RIGHT WHEN HE SAYS BLAH BLAH BLAH ".
https://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2019/04/questions-from-capt-ajit-vadakayil.html
NEW QUESTIONS –
87 -- IS CAPT AJIT VADAKAYIL RIGHT WHEN HE SAYS – RACISTS ANGELO D ADAMS AND MARK ZUCKERBERG PRETEND THAT THEY HAVE NEVER HEARD OF DIVYA NARENDRA..
88 -- IS CAPT AJIT VADAKAYIL RIGHT WHEN HE SAYS – STONEHENGE WAS BUILT BY INDIAN SAGES AND IS A REPRESENTATION OF HINDU KING MANTRA OM WHOSE DIGITAL VALUE IS 108. STONEHENGE HAS 27 NAKSHATRA PORTALS OF 4 PADAS MAKING THE NUMBER 108..
89-- IS CAPT AJIT VADAKAYIL RIGHT WHEN HE SAYS – HINDU SAGES FROM KERALA INDIA AT THE FIRST COUNCIL OF NICEA IN 325 AD, PROVIDED THE COSMIC ALLEGORY PART OF THE BIBLE..
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2018/10/sanatana-dharma-hinduism-exhumed-and_10.html
90 --- IS CAPT AJIT VADAKAYIL RIGHT WHEN HE SAYS – 12 DISCIPLES OF JESUS CHRIST WHO NEVER EXISTED ARE THE 12 ZODIACS IN SANSKRIT AND MALAYALAM ( Mesa , Vrishabha, Mithunam, Karkatakam, Simha, Kanya, Tulam , Vrisksikam, Danu, Makaram, Kumbham, Meenam )..
91- IS CAPT AJIT VADAKAYIL RIGHT WHEN HE SAYS – DALTON STOLE HIS ATOMIC THEORY FROM VEDANTA..
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2011/02/daltons-atomic-theory-sage-kashyapa-and.html
92- IS CAPT AJIT VADAKAYIL RIGHT WHEN HE SAYS – NEWTONS THREE LAWS OF MOTION WERE LIFTED FROM VAISHESHIKA SUTRA OF KANADA MUNI PENNED IN 6500 BC..
Capt ajit vadakayil
..
PUT ABOVE COMMENT IN WEBSITES OF--
DeleteQUORA CEO ANGELO D ADAMS
QUORA MODERATION TEAM
KURT OF QUORA
JACK DORSEY
MARK ZUCKERBERG
THAMBI SUNDAR PICHAI
CEO OF WIKIPEDIA
ANURAG THAKUR
PARLIAMENTARY COMMITEE
BBC
NCERT
EDUCATION MINISTER
EDUCATION MINISTRY
PMO
PM MODI
NITI AYOG
AMITABH KANT
COL RATHORE
I&B DEPT
CJI GOGOI
ALL SUPREME COURT JUDGES
ATTORNEY GENERAL
SWAMY
GURUMURTHY
RAJIV MALHOTRA
DAVID FRAWLEY
STEPHEN KNAPP
KONRAED ELST
WALLIAM DARYLMPLE
AJIT DOVAL
RAW
NIA
IB
CBI
ED
RAJNATH SINGH
HOME MINISTRY
RAJEEV CHANDRASHEKHAR
MOHANDAS PAI
RAM MADHAV
RAJ THACKREY
UDDHAV THACKREY
CMs OF ALL INDIAN STATES
DGPs OF ALL STATES
GOVERNORS OF ALL STATES
PRESIDENT OF INDIA
VP OF INDIA
SRI SRI RAVISHANKAR
SADGURU JAGGI VASUDEV
BABA RAMDEV
MATA AMRITANANDA MAYI
NCM
NHRC
SPEAKER LOK SABHA
SPEAKER RAJYA SABHA
EVERY MP OF LOK SABHA AND RAJYA SABHA
EVERY CENTRAL MINISTER / MINISTRY
SOLI BABY
SALVE BABY
FALI BABY
KATJU BABY
KIRON KHER
MEENAKSHI LEKHI
SMRITI IRANI
ARUN SHOURIE
PC GEORGE
JANAM TV
GEN GD BAKSHI
SAMBIT PATRA
RSN SINGH
SHASHI THAROOR
CHETAN BHAGAT
AMISH TRIPATHI
DEVDUTT PATTANAIK
CLOSET COMMIE ARNAB GOSWMI
RAJDEEP SARDESAI
NAVIKA KUMAR
ZAKKA JACOB
ANAND NARASIMHAN
VIKRAM CHANDRA
NIDHI RAZDAN
PRANNOY JAMES ROY
AROON PURIE
VINEET JAIN
RAGHAV BAHL
SEEMA CHISTI
DILEEP PADGOANKAR
VIR SANGHVI
PRASOON JOSHI
LEELA SAMSON
PRITISH NANDI
ASHISH NANDI
ALL CONGRESS SPOKESMEN
RAHUL GANDHI
SONIA GANDHI
PRIYANKA GANDHI
SHOBHAA DE
ARUNDHATI ROY
SURESH GOPI
MOHANLAL
BARKHA DUTT
SHEKHAR GUPTA
SIDHARTH VARADARAJAN
N RAM
MANI SHANKAR AIYERAN
ROMILA THAPAR
IRFAN HABIB
NIVEDITA MENON
AYESHA KIDWAI
PAVAN VARMA
RAMACHANDRA GUHA
DANIEL RAJA
BRINDA KARAT
PRAKASH KARAT
SITARAM YECHURY
SUMEET CHOPRA
DINESH VARSHNEY
ANNA VETTIKAD
SUDHEENDRA KULKARNI
KANCHA ILAIH
JOHN DAYAL
KAVITA KRISHNAN
TEESTA SETALVAD
SWARA TRRR BHASKAR ( OR IS IT PRRRR ? )
RANA AYYUB
SNEHLA RASHID
PAGALIKA GHOSE
JOHN BRITTAS
KAMALAHASSAN
DILIP CHERIAN
SWAMYs VIRAAT SENA
VC OF JNU
VC OF DU/ JU/ TISS
DEAN OF FTII
IRA BHASKAR
ADMIRAL LN RAMDAS
KAVITA RAMDAS
LALITA RAMDAS
NAYANTARA SEHGAL
WEBSITES OF DESH BHAKT LEADERS
SPREAD ON SOCIAL MEDIA EVERY WHICH WAY
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2019/apr/02/trump-news-today-latest-nato-puerto-rico-mueller-border-us-politics-
ReplyDeleteEX-VP JOE BIDEN IS A PEDOPHILE TARGETING GIRLS UNDER THE AGE OF TEN..
HE RUBS HIS HARD-ON ON THE YOUNG GIRLS EVEN IN PUBLIC..
CHECK OUT 8.30
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b3ir0GY5Mr0
CHECK OUT 1.30 BELOW -- THIS BASTARD DESERVES TO BE HUNG..
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=51GbHQMoSxw
Such ppl should be castaracted
Delete
ReplyDeletehttps://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2019/04/questions-from-capt-ajit-vadakayil.html
PUT THE LINK ABOVE IN ALL THE BELOW LINKS --
ADD A COMMENT THAT QUORA CEO ANGELO D ADAMS IS A RACIST AND THE MALE VERSION OF XAVIERA HOLLANDER BY STARTING A SEX FANTASY QUORA SECTION WHICH INCLUDES INCEST AND PEDOPHILIA..
#########################################
https://www.quora.com/How-did-Adam-DAngelo-improve-so-fast-in-TopCoder
https://www.quora.com/What-has-Adam-DAngelo-learned-from-Mark-Zuckerberg
https://www.quora.com/How-rich-is-Adam-D%E2%80%99Angelo
https://www.quora.com/What-websites-does-Adam-DAngelo-visit-regularly
https://www.quora.com/Why-is-Adam-DAngelo-so-good
https://www.quora.com/Does-Adam-DAngelo-have-a-girlfriend-1
https://www.quora.com/Is-Adam-DAngelo-a-billionaire
https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-things-Adam-DAngelo-taught-Mark-Zuckerberg
https://www.quora.com/Who-is-a-better-programmer-Mark-Zuckerberg-or-Adam-DAngelo
https://www.quora.com/Is-it-true-that-Adam-DAngelo-taught-Mark-Zuckerberg-how-to-code
https://www.quora.com/How-did-Adam-DAngelo-transition-to-being-a-CEO
https://www.quora.com/How-technical-is-Adam-DAngelo
https://www.quora.com/How-did-Adam-DAngelo-and-his-team-validate-Quora
https://www.quora.com/Why-didnt-Adam-DAngelo-completely-fund-Quora
https://www.quora.com/unanswered/Adam-DAngelo-What-is-you-vision-beyond-Quora
https://www.quora.com/At-what-age-did-Adam-DAngelo-create-Quora
https://www.quora.com/What-percent-of-Quora-does-Adam-DAngelo-own
https://www.quora.com/Why-did-Adam-DAngelo-invest-his-own-money-in-Quora
https://www.quora.com/How-much-money-did-Adam-DAngelo-make-from-Facebook
https://www.quora.com/Did-Mark-Zuckerberg-call-in-his-buddy-Adam-DAngelo-in-order-to-scale-Facebook-Would-Friendster-have-beaten-Facebook-if-it-hired-Adam-DAngelo-instead
###############
MY ELDER SON FROM CORNELL CAN BEAT BOTH HYPED UP HARVARD TUFTS MARK BABY AND ANGELO BABY IN CODING ANY DAY..THEY CAN CHOOSE THE LANGUAGE JAVA 9/ C SHARP WHATEVER -- ASK ANGELO BABY IF HE EVER HEARD OF DIVYA NARENDRA..
capt ajit vadakayil
..
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/at-2-5m-india-china-had-50-of-world-foul-air-deaths/articleshow/68696545.cms
ReplyDeleteBY PERCENTAGE INDIA HAS THE LEAST POLLUTION DEATHS ON THIS PLANET..
THESE CUNTS FORGET THAT INDIA IS A PENINSULA ..
Dear Capt Ajit sir,
ReplyDeleteAJ says it's a tukde tukde manifesto...to weaken AFSPA, embolden Naxal/communist/terrorist forces and give leniency to corrupt.
Chowkidar Arun Jaitley
Verified account @arunjaitley
17h17 hours ago
The Congress Manifesto 2019 – A Charter to Weaken India http://bit.ly/2CKQP0r
Also, everyone is using your coined word ' round tripping' for shell companies and now corruption....as AJ used so nicely on recent IT raids against corrupt people :
Chowkidar Arun Jaitley
Verified account @arunjaitley
Mar 29
The Bengaluru case is a text book method of the UPA on 2 fronts : use Government money, round trip it through Contractors & beneficiaries to enrich themselves & then lip sympathy for federalism destroying it whenever the opportunity arises. This is a very transparent self goal.
RIGHT FROM CONCEPTION TILL INDEPENDENCE 1947 , INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS WAS A PARTY OF TRAITORS CREATED BY JEW ROTHSCHILD TO SIT ON THE DRIVERS SEAT OF FREEDOM MOVEMENT-- ALWAYS TO STEER AWAY FROM THE GOAL..
Deletehttp://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2013/02/the-indian-navy-mutiny-of-1946-only-war.html
INDIA DID NOT GET INDEPENDENCE DUE TO THE EFFORTS OF GANDHI NEHRU OR PATEL..
FIRST THE ARMED FORCED MUTINIED AGAINST THE WHITE INVADER.. THESE SOLDIERS WERE BATTLE HARDENED LEFTOVERS FROM WW1 AND WW2..
Gandhi recruited 13 lakh ( 1.3 million ) Indian soldiers in the first world war – out of which 111000 ( 1.11 lakh ) Indian soldiers were killed .
Gandhi recruited 25 lakh ( 2.5 million ) Indian soldiers in the second World war. Out of this 243000 ( 2.43 lakh) soldiers were killed.
STILL ROTHSCHILD DID NOT CARE--AS HE HAS THE LOYALTY OF THE INDIAN POLICE.
THAT FEELING EVAPORATED WHEN THE 800 STRONG ELITE MALABAR REGIMENT REVOLTED..AND ROTHSCHILD KNEW THAT HIS GAME IN INDIA WAS OVER..
WE NEED TO INCLUDE THIS IN OUR NCERT SYLLABUS..
GANDHI/ NEHRU/ PATEL WERE ALL FREEMASONS..
BR AMBDEDKARs GRANDFATHER WAS A FREEMASON.. BR AMBEDKAR WAS A STAR KID DYNAST..
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2011/08/freemason-lodge-of-calicut-capt-ajit.html
IT WAS INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS WHO DIVIDED INDIA..
THE ONLY WAY TO GET BACK PAKISTAN IS TO INVITE PAKISTAN TO NUKE INDIA WITH THEIR WEE TACTICAL NUKE PHATAKAS..
AFTER THAT CONVERT PAKISTAN TO RADIOACTIVE WASTELAND --AND WAIT FOR THE TINDERLAND TO COOL DOWN..
capt ajit vadakayil
..
Dear Capt Ajit sir,
ReplyDeleteWhat's this non-sensucal bitin from US - 2.2 billion $ ASW helicopters...Was it signed bu Nirmala or AJ when he's in US ?
https://www.wionews.com/world/us-approves-anti-submarine-helicopter-sale-to-india-207615
IT WILL NOT FIND AN DESTROY ANY NATO SUBMARINE..
DeleteGurudev,
ReplyDeleteI have sent he link
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-horrible-secret-of-your-life-that-you-want-to-share-with-everyone
with the request to make quora accountable to chairperson of national commission for protection of child rights
regards
charishma
Guruji,
ReplyDeleteI have sent 3 reuests to quora mediation to completely delete defamatory comment about your wife.They bothered to respond to only one and that too they asked me to report harassment and downvote it.When i replied them that i have already done that and asked them to delete that comment completely otherwise which i would complain to ncw and nhrc they did not send me any reply back.So i sent complaint to ncw with request to make the quora accountable and delete that comment which is against the womens right to dignity.I have to watch whether i get any response or not.
regards
charishma
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2012/06/murder-of-pazhassi-raja-capt-ajit.html
ReplyDeleteIF TUSHAR VELLAPALLY HAS TO WIN AGAINST RAHUL GANDHI AND THE COMMIE CANDIDATE IN WAYANAD, HE MUST USE PAZHASSI RAJA IN HIS ELECTION POSTERS..
PROJECT THE ITALIAN FAMILY AS ALIENS..
THE THIYYA / EZHAVA VOTE MUST NO LONGER GO TO COMMIE PINARAYI VIJAYAN .. HENCE THE SABARIMALA INJUSTICE HAS TO BE RAKED UP EVERY HOUR WITH STATISTICS -
THE KANNUR LOBBY OF CPM IS THIYYA...
HOW MANY INNOCENT PILGRIMS WERE ARRESTED--HOW ANY LOST THEIR JOBS-- HOW MANY FALSE CASES WERE REGISTERED WITH PET COLLECTOR/ PET POLICE/ PET MAGISTRATES IN CAHOOTS..
TEN YEARS AGO, 50% OF WAYANAD HINDUS ( LOT OF TRIBALS/ THIYYAS / EZAHAVAS ) WERE ATHEISTS..
VAST TRACTS OF LAND USURPED FROM TEMPLES/ SNAKE GROVES WERE FRAGMENTED AND GIVEN AWAY TO CHRISTIAN CONVERTS BY BRITISH INVADER..
AFTER COMMIE GOVT STARTED RULING KERALA MASSIVE HINDU LANDS WERE GRABBED IN THE GARB OF "MICHA BHOOMI PIDICHEDUKKUM " ( WE SHALL GRAN SURPLUS HINDU LANDS ) AND GIVEN AWAY TO COMMIE CADRE ..
EVEN TODAY IN CPM STRONGHOLDS IN NORTH KERALA, THERE IS A GANG OF DEDICATED COMMIES , WHO KEEP RECORDS AND STATISTICS OF GOD FEARING HINDUS ( TO ARM TWIST THEM - IF YOU PRAY, BE PREPARED TO LOSE GOVT LARGESSE ) ..
1) WHO GOES TO TEMPLES
2) WHICH HINDU HOUSES LIGHT EVENING SANDHYAVANDHANAM LAMPS ( KEPT AT FRONT ENTRANCE )..
WAYANAD WAS THIS PLANETs MOST VALUABLE PIECE OF LAND .. TODAY SNAKE GROVES WHICH SUSTAINED THE AYURVEDIC HERBAL BANK ARE ALL GONE IN THE NAME OF ELIMINATING SUPERSTITION.. 90% OF AYURVEDIC HERBS ARE EXTINCT..
CONSERVATION HAS TO BE DONE.. OR WE WILL LOSE WAYANAD IN JUST ANOTHER TEN YEARS.. WAYANAD WAS THE SPICE BANK OF THIS PLANET..
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-vadakayil-report-ecological.html
CAPT AJIT VADAKAYIL ASKS THIYYAS AND EZHAVAS OF KERALA -- DO NOT LISTEN TO TUSHAR VELLAPPALI FATHER SNDP CHIEF VELLAPALLI NATESAN WHO IS A SLAVE OF ATHEIST COMMIE PINARAYI VIJAYAN ( VICE GRIP DUE TO SOME SCAM CASE ) ..
CPM CAN NEVER WIN IN KERALA WITHOUT THIYYA/ EZAHAVA VOTES..AND TODAY THIS VOTE BANK HAS SEVERELY ERODED DUE TO THE SABARIMALA EPISODE..
KERALA COMMIES ARE NO LONGER ATHEISTS.. THOSE DAYS ARE LONG GONE..
PUNISH CHIEF ELECTORAL OFFICER TR MEENA WHO WARNED HINDUS NOT TO RAKE UP THE SABARIMALA ISSUE.. SORRY ELECTIONS ARE FOUGHT ON ISSUES.. TR MEENA DOES NOT HAVE ANY POWERS TO CURB FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF HINDUS..
capt ajit vadakayil
..
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Your Registration Number is : PMOPG/E/2019/0173884
Deletehii capt. send to PMOPG/E/2019/0173917 & http://www.amitshah.co.in/
Delete
ReplyDeletexxx
April 3, 2019 at 11:47 AM
Sure captain I am away from her from 7 months...also gonna recite Maha mritunjaya mantra..hope I will be back on my track
Regards
ReplyDelete
Replies
Capt. Ajit Vadakayil
April 3, 2019 at 12:15 PM
MANTRAS ARE EFFECTIVE ONLY IF RECITED THE RIGHT WAY BY HUMANS OF VERY HIGH SOUL FREQUENCY.. ( SIXTH AND SEVENTH ASTRAL LAYERS SOULS )
THIS WOMAN DOES NOT HAVE SUCH POWERS..
capt ajit vadakayil
..
normal people are what frequency Captain?
DeleteCRIMINALS AND HOMOSEXUALS ( FIRST ASTRAL LAYER PARTY WHO KEEPS COMPANY WITH LOWER FORMS OF LIFE --LOWEST SOUL FREQUENCY ) HAVE ONLY RED AURA RIDDLED WITH BLACK HOLES.
DeleteTHE JIVAN MUKT ( MOKSHA SOUL--7TH ASTRAL LAYER PARTY--HIGHEST SOUL FREQUENCY ) HAS A BRILLIANT AURA ALL VIBGYOR COLOURS ENCLOSED IN A GOLDEN SHEATH..
WHEN A JIVAN MUKT BLESSES OR CURSES--IT HAS EFFECT..
IN INDIA LOT OF ANAL SEX RECEIVING FAKE GURUS HAVE PRETENDED TO BE JIVAN MUKTS..
Captain,
DeleteI have some major medical problem and i chant mrityunjay mantra daily. I am sure I am not a person with high soul frequency. Will my daily chants have the desired effect?
ReplyDeleteMY FOREIGN CREW LOVED IT WHEN I SANG THIS SONG IN SHIPBOARD PARTIES.. THEY NEVER KNEW THE MEANING--
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HAnT1-iwS20
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hUXGHQpA_OE
Pukarata Chala Hoon Main
Seeking and calling out have I embarked
Gali gali bahaar ki
On roads of spring that are forked
Bas ek chaon zulf ki
One momentary shadow of your tresses I seek
Bas ek nigaah pyar ki
I crave from my love an endearing peek
Ye dillagi ye shokhiyaan salaam ki
That heartfelt flirt , that stylish bow out
Yahin to baat ho rahi hai kaam ki
Yup, that's what we are talking about
Koi to mudh ke dekh legaa is taraf
There must be someone who shall spare me a glance
Koi nazar to hogi mere naam ki
There must be a lovely sight in my life's game of chance
Suni meri sadaa to kis yaqin se
Such earnest has my prayer been heard
Ghataa utar ke aa gayi zamiin pe
The clouds have descended on this parched earth
Rahi yahi lagan to ae dil-E-jawaan
This passion of the tender heart, if it continues
Asar bhi ho rahega ek hasin pe
One beautiful lady must be by it amuse
The 'Green Revolution' of the 1960s and 70s which was sold as a means to feed
ReplyDeletethe poor countries of the world was, in truth, a means to steal the natural plant varieties used there and replace them with hybrids dependent on chemical inputs
which the same companies monopolise. The chemical inputs are killing the land and the body, in another form of population control. Control and dependency was
the plan. The Rockefeller Foundation collected the seeds from 95% of the world's major cereal crops in the years leading up to the GATT Agreement and the Plant
Breeder's Rights Bills. The multinationals are phasing out the varieties they do not have rights to and making the world dependent on those that they do. UN statistics
estimate that 75% of genetic diversity in agricultural crops has been lost in this century and what is left is now in great danger. (from book Truth shall set you free)
INDIA HAS A SEED BANK IN THE HIMALAYAN ICE
DeleteI SUSPECT THESE SEEDS ARE GM..
SAB KO CHOOTIYA BANAYA ..
ALL GMO for sure -- WWF has 3 such seed vaults, also there is this this “Doomsday Seed Vault” in the Arctic - Bill Gates, Rockefeller and the GMO giants know something we don’t - https://www.globalresearch.ca/doomsday-seed-vault-in-the-arctic-2/23503
DeleteNamaste Captain sir,
ReplyDeleteI was watching Arnab Goswami's debates for past few days and I observed a pattern where in he talks about our politics as if he just picked from your blogs.For ex: In one debate he said "Journalist praised by Hafiz" and in the other "Children of NGO's and Congress party leaders got funded education in USA".Seems that he's an active reader of your blog
Regards,
Sriganesh
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/lok-sabha-elections-2019-who-all-is-digvijaya-singh-pleasing/articleshow/68700337.cms
DeleteMODI SHOULD FIND OUT HOW DIG VIJAY SINGHs SON GOT ADMISSION INTO COMMIE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY..
THE JNU PROFESSORS OF SOCIAL SCIENCES ARE CHOSEN AND HANDPICKED BY COLUMBIA UNIVESITY..IT IS A COLLEGIUM SYSTEM..
https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1113041708730802176?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Etweet
ReplyDeleteDONALD THE TRUMP
WHY HAS 91 BILLION USD BEEN ADDED TO THE GDP OF USA ?
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2016/06/gpi-dog-shall-wag-gdp-tail-not-vice.html
capt ajit vadakayil
..
OUR DAYS BEFORE THE HURRICANE HIT PUERTO RICO I WARNED DONALD TRUMP
DeleteDO NOT LET YOUR TRANSFORMERS BLOW..
THE CUNTS LET THE TRANSFORMERS BLOW ENMASSE.
IT TOOK 14 MONTHS FOR THESE TRANSFORMERS TO BE REPLACED IN SOME AREAS..
I CAN VOUCH THAT PUERTO RICO IS FULL OF LAZY FAT PEOPLE..
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2cSh_Wo_mcY
ReplyDeletehttps://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2019/03/crash-of-boeing-737-max-flight-root.html
IT TAKES A CUNT TO CREATE AUTMATION WHICH WILL VETO A PILOT !
Respected Captain , Love it when you suddenly post soul touching songs amid all the serious comments (if i may say that)..please keep doing so....jai ho prabhu..
ReplyDeleteCharasparsh
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=66bzuxipQmE
ReplyDeletehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Da-Ydpw9-UU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DAdio1kkqcI
These memories of yore wont leave me— those days are gone never to return --- can my heart ever forget – if those days are birds I would cage them— I would nurture them and keep them close to my heart - I could hide her picture – but those which are ensconced in my heart , can I erase them --- for she now belongs to another man
Sir, Last Manjit Singh's instrumental. Nice. I spotted something - Ship Anchor Clock.
DeleteI am grateful to you.
I am grateful to sea which made you world's toughest Captain. :-)
Blocked And Banned By Quora For Being Straight, And Calling Adamdangelo A Homosexual And That He Is A Racist And Male Version Of Xaviera Hollander Who Is Into Kids Porn And A Bloody Liar For Calling Himself A Coder, Bloody Napunsaks In Their Moderation Team Pretending To Be Thors With A Mice for Hammer. Quora Will Bite The Dust For Sure, Soon!!
ReplyDeletehttps://twitter.com/ashutosh83B/status/1112931852443140097
ReplyDeletePOOR ASUTOSH BABY..
HE HAD TO GO BACK 7 DECADES TO FIND ONE HINDU TERRORIST..
BY THE WAY NATURAM GODSE WAS A HOMOSEXUAL JEW --NAY-- CHITPAVAN BRAHMIN..
IN ENTIRE HISTORY-- HINDUS HAVE ONLY REACTED-- NEVER PRO-ACTIVELY ATTACKED ANYBODY..
HINDUS HAVE DECIDED NOT TO BE COWARDS ANYMORE-- WE WILL GIVE BACK AS GOOD AS WE GOT..
THE WARRIOR BLOOD OF MIGHTY BHISHMA , KARNA, ARJUNA, DRONA ETC COURSE THROUGH OUR VEINS ..
BEWARE !
HINDUS DONT NEED TO TAKE DRUGS LIKE ISIS OR KASHMIRI SEPARATISTS TO BECOME BRAVE..
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2012/11/babri-masjid-demolition-mughal-emperor.html
capt ajit vadakayil
..
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SPREAD ON SOCIAL MEDIA EVERY WHICH WAY
ReplyDeletehttps://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2019/04/questions-from-capt-ajit-vadakayil.html
HEY VIVEK OBEROI..
I SAW YOU TALKING TO DESH DROHI RAJDEEP SARDESAI ABOUT MODIs BIOPIC..
VIVEK, YOU SOUND LIKE A DESH BHAKT AND PROUD HINDU TO ME..
TEL YOUR FATHER SURESH OBEROI, NOT TO GIVE FALTHU IMPORTANCE TO THAT STUPID WOMAN SHIVANI VERMA WHO MAKES ROCKET SCIENCE OUT OF EVERYTHING..ON ARRON PURI TV CHANNEL..
BRAHMAKUMARI SECT WAS CREATED BY JEW ROTHSCHILD WHO RULED INDIA.
THERE WAS THIS FILTHY RICH DIAMOND AGENT OF JEW ROTHSCHILD..DADA LEKHRAJ...WHO SUPPLIED YOUNG WIDOWS AND ATTRACTIVE MARRIED YOUNG WOMEN TO WHITE BRITISH OFFICERS..
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dada_Lekhraj
3 YEARS AFTER OM MANDI WAS FOUNDED BY LEKHRAJ BABY - THE PLACE WAS RAIDED BY POLICE AT NIGHT ON REPORTS OF AN ONGOING SEXUAL ORGY WITH MINORS ( WHICH INCLUDED WHITE RULERS)!
The next day it was banned by the Govt of Sindh- as this incident was splashed by newspapers .
This was in British India.
I quote the British newspaper--
###########
Daily Mail, 13 March 1939 wrote:
Five thousand angry husbands, parents, and guardians yesterday marched on the Sind Government secretariat in protest against the activities of the Om Mandli celibacy cult here.
The cult has aroused fierce indignation by inducing young girls to refuse to marry and wives to leave their husbands.
A clash seemed inevitable as the march had been banned by the Government.
The crowd, led by the crippled Hindu leader Vaswani in a wheel chair, came face to face with a cordon of police.
Then the Minster of Public Works, Mr Vazirani, intervened. He gave a written guarantee that the Government would order the cult to discontinue certain practises. The crowd dispersed.
##########################
http://www.brahmakumaris.info/forum/viewtopic.php?f=19&t=2417
Check out this link to see a SCAN of the above report . this is NOT bull.
Lekhraj Khubchand Kripalani was touted by the white invader as an avatar of Shiva .
Our Rothschild media and waitress sponsored President Pratibha Patil ( Puran Poli ) had famously said in 2007 -- she had received a message from Lekhraj Khubchand Kripalani stating that a “great responsibility” was headed her way.
DID AN ANGEL DELIVER THIS MESSAGE ?
LET ME QUOTE WIKI-
QUOTE --In 2008, the movement claimed to have more than 825,000 regular students, with over 8,500 centers in 100 countries...The Brahma Kumaris at the United Nations is an international non-governmental organisation (NGO) in general consultative status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations.[65] and UNICEF. UNQUOTE
WHO CAN OPEN 100 CENTRES WORLDWIDE FOR YOU ?
AND WHAT ABOUT THE GRANDFATHER OF RABINDRANATH TAGORE-- HIS GRANDFATHER , DWARAKNATH TAGORE , A PIR ALI MUSLIM , AN OPIUM DRUG RUNNING AGENT OF JEW ROTHSCHILD OWNED THE BIGGEST WHOREHOUSE ON THIS PLANET --SONAGACHI CALCUTTA..
THEY HAD A PEDOPHILE SECTION-- OF YOUNG BOYS WHICH CATERED TO DEVIANT TASTE OF ELITE BRITISH OFFICER..
I HAD AN OLD BENGALI QUARTERMASTER OF MY WATCH AS THIRD OFFICER IN 1975 .. HIS MOTHER WAS BORN IN SONAGACHI BROTHEL.. ONE DAY I HAD ASKED HIM WHY HE IS FAIR AND TALL..
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2011/08/opium-drug-running-tagore-family-capt.html
capt ajit vadakayil
..
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https://twitter.com/ayogesh03/status/1113487194705014784?s=20
Deletehttps://twitter.com/ayogesh03/status/1113491834595086336?s=20
https://twitter.com/ayogesh03/status/1113492801730359298?s=20
https://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2019/04/questions-from-capt-ajit-vadakayil.html
ReplyDeleteFEW YEARS AGO, I WAS SHOPPING IN CALICUT..
A MIDGET CAME TO ME AND GAVE ME A PAMPHLET IN MALAYALAM..
I ASKED HIM TO GIVE ME THE GIST--AS I DONT HAVE THE TIME TO READ THOUGH WHAT HE HAS WRITTEN..
IT SO TRANSPIRED THAT HE WAS CONTESTING ELECTIONS AS AN INDEPENDENT..
I GAVE HIM A PIECE OF ADVISE--
THIS WAY , NOBODY IN GONNA NOTICE YOU..
BE VOCAL.. SOUND CONFIDENT ..
AS YOU HAND OUT YOUR PAMPHLET-- ANNOUNCE THAT " IF I COME TO POWER I WILL ABOLISH ALL TAXES AND TRIPLE SALARIES "..
PEOPLE ARE BOUND TO NOTICE YOU.. THEY WONT BELIEVE YOU BUT AT LEAST THEY HAVE NOTED YOU FOR YOUR OUTRAGEOUS MUNGERILAL STATEMENT..
THE CONGRESS MANIFESTO OF THE ITALIAN WAITRESS HAS A CONDITION " IF WE COME TO POWER"..
ITALIAN MADAME -- WHO EVER TOLD YOU THAT YOU WILL COME TO POWER?.. TEE HEEEE.
AND HULLO, HINDU HATING MADAME --
CONGRATULATIONS FOR RUNNING THE GRAND OLD PARTY INTO THE GROUND..
AND BY YOUR LATEST MANIFESTO WHERE TRAITORS ARE THE SALT NAY BOUNTY OF THE WATAN-- YOU HAVE DRIVEN THE LAST NAIL INTO THE ITALIAN COFFIN..
TEE HEEEEEEE..
capt ajit vadakayil
..
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Respected Sir,
ReplyDeleteNice of you to put links of different instrumental versions of lag ja gale....my personal favourite is that of the Havana band though a panpipe version of this haunting melody would have been great i guess!!vibhavari Apte is awesome!!
Thank you
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VXQtdRPv-qo speech by bm hegde
ReplyDeleteALL RIGHT--
ReplyDeleteTIME FOR NEW QUORA QUESTIONS UNDER "IS CAPT AJIT VADAKAYIL RIGHT WHEN HE SAYS BLAH BLAH BLAH ".
https://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2019/04/questions-from-capt-ajit-vadakayil.html
NEW QUESTIONS –
101 -- IS CAPT AJIT VADAKAYIL RIGHT WHEN HE SAYS – QUEEN ELIZABETH 1 WAS A MAN WITH PRICK AND BALLS, A LARGE ADAMs APPLE , NARROW HIPBONES AND WIDE SOULDERS.. HENCE THE REASON FOR HER RIDICULOUS DRESSES..
102 -- IS CAPT AJIT VADAKAYIL RIGHT WHEN HE SAYS- MRS WALLI SIMPSON WHO MARRIED KING EDWARD VIII ( ABDICATION OF THRONE FOR LOVE FAME ) WAS A HERMAPHRODITE WITH A PRICK SANS BALLS AND A TWAT..LOVE MAKING WAS REVERSE WITH THE QUEEN HUMPING THE KING..
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2010/11/great-romance-and-curse-of-kohinoor.html
103 -- IS CAPT AJIT VADAKAYIL RIGHT WHEN HE SAYS- THE FATHER KING GEORGE VI OF THE CURRENT BRITISH QUEEN ELIZABETH II COULD NOT SPEAK MORE THAN THREE WORDS IN A ROW WITHOUT STAMMERING , ROTHSCHILDs AGENT JEW CHURCHILL CONTROLLED HIM THROUGH WW2 , AND THAT CHURCHILL WHEN UPSET WITH THE KING , USED TO PINCH THE KINGs AMPLE BOTTOM SO HARD IN PUBLIC THAT THE KING USED TO CRY LOUDLY LIKE A SMALL BOY ?..
104-- IS CAPT AJIT VADAKAYIL RIGHT WHEN HE SAYS- QUEEN MARY I BEHEADED MARY STUART QUEEN OF SCOTS , AND ARRANGED FOR HER SMALL PET DOG TO ESCAPE FROM UNDER HER DRESS AS THE HEAD FELL DOWN ON THE THIRD STROKE .. THE FRIGHTENED DOG COVERED WITH BLOOD YELPED PITIFULLY AND RAN INTO THE SHOCKED CROWD..
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2010/11/mary-mary-quite-contrary-bloody-mary.html
104-- IS CAPT AJIT VADAKAYIL RIGHT WHEN HE SAYS- SPANISH ARMADA DID NOT LOSE A SINGLE SHIP IN NAVAL BATTLE OF 1588 AD IN THE ENGLISH CHANNEL, OTHER THAN TWO SHIPS WHICH RAN AGROUND DUE TO RUDDER FAILURE, AND ALL SPANISH NAVAL SHIPS REACHED BACK SPAIN SAFELY, TO LAUNCH A SECOND ATTACK THE NEXT YEAR AND WIN..
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2014/12/exhumed-truths-of-spanish-armada-and.html
capt ajit vadakayil
..
PUT ABOVE COMMENT IN WEBSITES OF--
DeleteQUORA CEO ADAM D ANGELO
QUORA MODERATION TEAM
KURT OF QUORA
JACK DORSEY
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RAJDEEP SARDESAI
NAVIKA KUMAR
ZAKKA JACOB
ANAND NARASIMHAN
VIKRAM CHANDRA
NIDHI RAZDAN
PRANNOY JAMES ROY
AROON PURIE
VINEET JAIN
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VIR SANGHVI
PRASOON JOSHI
LEELA SAMSON
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ASHISH NANDI
ALL CONGRESS SPOKESMEN
RAHUL GANDHI
SONIA GANDHI
PRIYANKA GANDHI
SHOBHAA DE
ARUNDHATI ROY
SURESH GOPI
MOHANLAL
BARKHA DUTT
SHEKHAR GUPTA
SIDHARTH VARADARAJAN
N RAM
MANI SHANKAR AIYERAN
ROMILA THAPAR
IRFAN HABIB
NIVEDITA MENON
AYESHA KIDWAI
PAVAN VARMA
RAMACHANDRA GUHA
DANIEL RAJA
BRINDA KARAT
PRAKASH KARAT
SITARAM YECHURY
SUMEET CHOPRA
DINESH VARSHNEY
ANNA VETTIKAD
SUDHEENDRA KULKARNI
KANCHA ILAIH
JOHN DAYAL
KAVITA KRISHNAN
TEESTA SETALVAD
SWARA TRRR BHASKAR ( OR IS IT PRRRR ? )
RANA AYYUB
SNEHLA RASHID
PAGALIKA GHOSE
JOHN BRITTAS
KAMALAHASSAN
DILIP CHERIAN
SUHEL SETH
SWAMYs VIRAAT SENA
VC OF JNU
VC OF DU/ JU/ TISS
DEAN OF FTII
IRA BHASKAR
ADMIRAL LN RAMDAS
KAVITA RAMDAS
LALITA RAMDAS
NAYANTARA SEHGAL
WEBSITES OF DESH BHAKT LEADERS
SPREAD ON SOCIAL MEDIA EVERY WHICH WAY
https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lok-sabha-election-2019-over-200-writers-appeal-in-open-letter-to-vote-for-a-diverse-equal-india-2016554
ReplyDeleteALL ABOVE WRITERS ARE SPONSORED BY THE KOSHER DEEP STATE..
AND RAJDEEP SARDESAI IS TOM TOMMING TM KRISHNA , A MAGSAYSAY AWARD WINNER , A RABIDLY ANTI-HINDU COMMIE..
ROTHSCHILDs MAGSAYSAY AWARDS ARE GIVEN ONLY TO ANTI-INDIA , ANTI-WATAN TRAITORS..
KEEP THE ANTI-MODI OPEN LETTERS COMING- WE ADD THE SIGNATORIES INTO THE NATIONAL DATABASE OF DESH DROHIS..
THE LAXMAN REKHA HAS BEEN CROSSED.. THE LAW OF PARADOX HAS TAKEN OVER.. MORE SHIT THROWN ON MODI MAKES HIM MORE POWERFUL ..
capt ajit vadakayil
..
ReplyDeletehttps://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lok-sabha-election-2019-over-200-writers-appeal-in-open-letter-to-vote-for-a-diverse-equal-india-2016554
ALL ABOVE WRITERS ARE SPONSORED BY THE KOSHER DEEP STATE.. BALLS THEY ARE INTELLECTUALS ..
AND RAJDEEP SARDESAI IS TOM TOMMING TM KRISHNA , A MAGSAYSAY AWARD WINNER , A RABIDLY ANTI-MODI COMMIE..
ROTHSCHILDs MAGSAYSAY AWARDS ARE GIVEN ONLY TO ANTI-INDIA , ANTI-WATAN TRAITORS..
KEEP THE ANTI-MODI OPEN LETTERS COMING- WE ADD THE SIGNATORIES INTO THE NATIONAL DATABASE OF DESH DROHIS STRAIGHT AWAY ..
THE LAXMAN REKHA HAS BEEN CROSSED.. THE LAW OF PARADOX HAS TAKEN OVER.. MORE SHIT THROWN ON MODI MAKES HIM MORE POWERFUL .. TEE HEEEE
capt ajit vadakayil
..
https://www.quora.com/unanswered/IS-CAPT-AJIT-VADAKAYIL-RIGHT-WHEN-HE-SAYS-LORD-KRISHNA-DID-NOT-DEFLOWER-16-000-VIRGIN-MILKMAIDS-of-BRINDAVAN-RATHER-IT-IS-AN-ALLEGORY-for-1000-PETALLED-SAHASRARA-CHAKRA-with-16-KALAS-MAKING-16000-DHATUS-2?__filter__=all&__nsrc__=3&__sncid__=2599995726
ReplyDeletePlease follow this link
https://www.quora.com/Was-Lord-Krishna-a-womanizer
DeleteBLASPHEMY ALLOWED BY BASTARD ADAM D ANGELO.. HE WONT DARE TO DO TH SAME WITH ISLAM...
capt ajit vdakayil
..
STUPID FELLOW PC CHACKO WAS PRAISING THE GREEN AND WHITE REVOLUTION OF THE CONGRESS..
ReplyDeleteHE MUST READ THE BLOG POST BELOW-- TWO PARTS..
https://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2019/03/india-must-revert-to-organic_26.html
https://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2019/04/questions-from-capt-ajit-vadakayil.html
IN SIX DECADES IF THE PLANET DOES NOT GO BACK TO ORGANIC FARMING, WE WILL LAND UP IN A "INTERSTELLAR" MOVIE SCENARIO WHERE THE TOPSOIL OF THE PLANET IS TOTALLY DEPLETED, UNABLE TO PRODUCE FOOD..
THE WHITE REVOLUTION IN INDIA IS HE REASON WHY EVIL PHARMA IS SINGING ALL THE WAY TO THE KOSHER BANKS AS AYURVEDA SAYS 90% DISEASES ORIGINATE IN THE HUMAN GUT..
IF JAGAN MOHAN REDDY BECOMES CM OF ANDHRA HE MUST SCRAP THE CAPITAL CITY PLANS FOR AMARAVATHI.. CHANDRABABU NAIDU WAS IN A TEARING HURRY FOR PERSONAL BENEFIT..
FIRST OF ALL AMARAVATHI ANCIENT BUDDHIST CENTRE IS A COOKED UP HOAX..
THE SOIL OF AMARAVATHI IS SOFT AND UNSUITABLE .. 15% EXTRA MONEY WILL HAVE TO BE WASTED IN BUILDING STRONG FOUNDATIONS OF BUILDINGS..
THE SOIL IS PRONE TO LIQUEFACTION. DONT WE HAVE THINKERS IN INDIA?..
https://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2018/10/soil-liquefaction-during-earth-quakes.html
THE KRISHNA RIVER WILL DIE IF AMARAVATHI CITY COMES UP..
WHY ARE WE SACRIFICING A FERTILE AREA WHICH IS THE FOOD BOWL OF ANDHRA WITH THREE CROPS A YEAR ?..
capt ajit vadakayil
..
PUT ABOVE COMMENT IN WEBSITES OF--
JAGAN MOHAN REDDY
CHANDRABABU NAIDU
PMO
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PRESIDENT OF INDIA
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EVERY MP OF LOK SABHA AND RAJYA SABHA
EVERY CENTRAL MINISTER / MINISTRY
RAJEEV CHANDRASHEKHAR
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SOLI BABY
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GEN GD BAKSHI
SAMBIT PATRA
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ALL CONGRESS SPOKESMEN
RAHUL GANDHI
SONIA GANDHI
PRIYANKA GANDHI
WEBSITES OF DESH BHAKT LEADERS
SPREAD ON SOCIAL MEDIA EVERY WHICH WAY
Sir, tweeted this to them.
DeleteCaptain,
ReplyDeleteLove these blah blah questions. Gives a summary of the truth exhumed without going through the entire blog again. Please keep them coming.
Respected Captain , Twitter account locked for the nth time after tweeting against Quora degenerating Sanatana Dharma , it will unlock easily no worries...
ReplyDeleteOn a side note captain , I love it when you suddenly post soul stirring songs amid your posts..just love it..
Charansparsh
Pranaam Elderly Ajit Sir,
ReplyDeleteMookambika Temple must have been constructed by Kerala sages. You have said this great temple was once submerged under water, so its construction is similar to pyramids.
You have advised when you are going to pray, look at the spire. Now at the spire there is trinity with divine harmony inherent. Intention with gratitude
does the work here.
Now I have question. What is blue plasma which emits from spire pyramid like construction? What is orgone?
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/rahuls-emotional-link-with-wayanad/articleshow/68724335.cms
ReplyDeletehttp://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2012/06/edakkal-caves-phantom-rock-meenmutty.html
Sir
ReplyDeletehttps://www.quora.com/When-lord-Hanumanji-went-to-propose-to-Karnas-wife-Uruvi-why-did-she-spit-on-his-face-and-reject-him-Did-hanuman-smell-bad/answer/Venkat-497?ch=10&share=0b73c6f4&srid=348KG
Quora denigrating Sanathana Dharma..
Quora at its best..
MF HUSSAIN WITH A DEEP STATE DARLING SHOBHAA DE DENIGRATED RAMA AND SITA USING HIS PAINTINGS..
DeleteSHOBHAA DE CALLED MF HUSSAIN AN ANGEL
THE KSHATRIYA BLOOD IN HINDU VEINS HAS EVAPORATED..
WE ALLOW OUR GODS TO BE SEXUALLY ABUSED
capt ajit vadakayil
..
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeletehttps://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/bjp-never-regarded-those-who-disagree-with-it-as-anti-national-enemies-l-k-advani/articleshow/68725667.cms
ReplyDeleteSPENT FORCE TALKIN'...
TEE HEEEEEEEEE
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/sabarimala-pilgrim-assault-kerala-hc-orders-action/articleshow/68727139.cms
ReplyDeleteHINDUS WILL PROTECT THEIR FAITH ... REHANA FATIMA WANTED TO THROW USED MENSES SANITARY NAPKIN ON THE IDOL ..
NAXAL LIBBY WANTED TO THROW ALCOHOL...
WE KNOW WHY JUDICIARY SUPPORTS THESE NAXALS
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/advani-reminds-bjp-adversaries-are-not-anti-national/articleshow/68728542.cms
ReplyDelete..shame on advani who wants to be pm at any cost.. accepting gaathbandamm.. funded by cha!t!ham house (aka east-in!dia!-co!m!pany-in!-nu=botal).phoren=funds=fun!neled!me!thinks!actually was!on!inter!net!=d!hi!ru!bye!=aam!ba!n!i=funded-observer=foundation-that=hires=bolton=us=nsa=as=guest=speakor=of-!o!f!=sudhir=kulkarni=advani=3d-company=overground=plus=underground==enjoy ..methinks apri8 -910crucial to pm =modi survival=chances!!)..for what it is worth=my two=cents)jai=sri=ram..
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/after-yogi-adityanath-mukhtar-abbas-naqvi-in-soup-over-modiji-ki-sena-remark/articleshow/68726685.cms
ReplyDeletedesh needs yogi a. more than anyone else least of all vk singh spent force retored army chief..
Sir
ReplyDeletehttps://www.quora.com/Is-Rahul-Gandhi-the-incarnation-of-Lord-Vishnu/answer/Ananya-377?ch=10&share=9160cd2c&srid=348KG
Quora at its best..
RAHUL GANDHIs GRANDFATHER WAS FEROZ KHAN ( A JEW )..
DeleteRAHUL GANDHIs MOTHER IS A ITALIAN CATHOLIC WOMAN..
MOTILAL NEHRUs FATHER WAS THE LAST POLICE CHIEF OF THE LAST MOGHUL EMPEROR.. BOTH WERE JEWS.. THE KOTWALs RESIDENCE WAS AT NEHR ( YAMUNA CANAL ), HENCE THE NAME NEHRU..
capt ajit vadakayil
..
ReplyDeleteALL RIGHT--
TIME FOR NEW QUORA QUESTIONS UNDER "IS CAPT AJIT VADAKAYIL RIGHT WHEN HE SAYS BLAH BLAH BLAH ".
https://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2019/04/repeated-blasphemy-against-hindu-gods.html
https://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2019/04/questions-from-capt-ajit-vadakayil.html
105-- IS CAPT AJIT VADAKAYIL RIGHT WHEN HE SAYS- THAT HISTORICALLY THE ROOT CAUSE OF ENDLESS CONFLICT BETWEEN ARYANS AND SEMITES WAS A CLASH OF TWO HOLY HINDU SYMBOLS , THE SWASTIKA AND THE SIX POINTSED STAR ?..
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2011/10/worst-racists-on-planet-earth-capt-ajit.html
106-- IS CAPT AJIT VADAKAYIL RIGHT WHEN HE SAYS- THE ARYAN WHOSE SYMBOL IS THE SWASTIKA, IS THE ELDEST KERALA NAMBOODIRI BROTHER..AND THE SEMITES WHOSE SYMBOL IS THE SIX POINTED STAR ARE THE YOUNGER BROTHERS OF THE NAMBOODIRI CLAN..
107-- IS CAPT AJIT VADAKAYIL RIGHT WHEN HE SAYS- ARYANS CONVEYED THE VEDAS ON ORAL ROUTE FOR 330 CENTURIES BEFORE IT WAS PENNED DOWN 70 CENTURIES AG.. ADI SHANKARACHARYA BORN 4000 YEARS AGO WAS AN ARYAN…
108-- IS CAPT AJIT VADAKAYIL RIGHT WHEN HE SAYS- ARYAN IS A REVERED TITLE , AND ANCIENT ARYAN KERALA NAMBOODIRIS WERE VISITING PROFESSORS ON DEPUTATION FROM KODUNGALLUR UNIVERISTY TO FOREIGN UNIVERSITIES AND INDIAN UNIVERSITIES.. AN EXAMPLE IS CHANKAYA WHO WAS ON DEPUTATION TO TAXILA AND ARYAN BHATTATHIRIPAD ( ARYABHATTA ) WHO WAS ON DEPUTATION TO NALANDA....
109 -- IS CAPT AJIT VADAKAYIL RIGHT WHEN HE SAYS- SWASTIKA REPRESENTS THE KALACHAKRA OR THE CIRCUMPOLAR MOVEMENT SAPT RISHIS ( GREAT BEAR ) AROUND DHRUV ( POLARIS ).. EVERY HINDU PUJA ROOM HAS IT..
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2011/08/polaris-and-great-bear-capt-ajit.html
110-- IS CAPT AJIT VADAKAYIL RIGHT WHEN HE SAYS- THE SIX POINTED STAR IS THE PURUSHA ( CONSCIOUSNESS ) / PRAKRITI ( ENERGY ) MERGE OF SANKHYA VEDANTA , OR INTERLOCKING OF TWO TRIANGLES WHICH CAUSES THE COSMS TO EVOLVE..EVERY SHIVA TEMPLE HAD IT ON TOP OF PARIKRAMA STONES.
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2018/09/sanatana-dharma-hinduism-exhumed-and.html
LIES WONT WORK ANY MORE.. A BROWN BLOGGER IS IN TOWN.. RIGHT NOW THE QUOTA QUESTIONS IS 110, ALL DELETED BY QUORA CEO ADAM D ANGELO.. I WILL TAKE IT TO 50,000 ..
IF GOOGLE DOES NOT PUT DEEP STATE TOOLS QUORA/ WIKIPEDIA ON THE FRONT PAGE –WHO WILL READ IT ?
Capt ajit vadakayil
..
PUT ABOVE COMMENT IN WEBSITES OF--
DeleteQUORA CEO ANGELO D ADAMS
QUORA MODERATION TEAM
KURT OF QUORA
JACK DORSEY
MARK ZUCKERBERG
THAMBI SUNDAR PICHAI
CEO OF WIKIPEDIA
INDIAN AMBASSADOR TO USA
ANURAG THAKUR
PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE
CNN
BBC
EVERY INDIAN MEDIA
NCERT
EDUCATION MINISTER
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PMO
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GOVERNORS OF ALL STATES
PRESIDENT OF INDIA
VP OF INDIA
SRI SRI RAVISHANKAR
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BABA RAMDEV
MATA AMRITANANDA MAYI
NCM
NHRC
SPEAKER LOK SABHA
SPEAKER RAJYA SABHA
EVERY MP OF LOK SABHA AND RAJYA SABHA
EVERY CENTRAL MINISTER / MINISTRY
EVER MLA OF EVERY STATE ASSEMBLY
SPEAKERS OF ALL STATE ASSEMBLIES
SOLI BABY
SALVE BABY
FALI BABY
KATJU BABY
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MEENAKSHI LEKHI
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JANAM TV
GEN GD BAKSHI
SAMBIT PATRA
RSN SINGH
SHASHI THAROOR
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CHETAN BHAGAT
AMISH TRIPATHI
DEVDUTT PATTANAIK
N NARAYANA MURTHY
SUDHA MURTHY
CLOSET COMMIE ARNAB GOSWMI
RAJDEEP SARDESAI
NAVIKA KUMAR
ZAKKA JACOB
ANAND NARASIMHAN
SRINIVASAN JAIN
SONAL MEHROTRA KAPOOR
VIKRAM CHANDRA
NIDHI RAZDAN
RAVISH KUMAR
PRANNOY JAMES ROY
AROON PURIE
VINEET JAIN
RAGHAV BAHL
SEEMA CHISTI
DILEEP PADGOANKAR
VIR SANGHVI
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LEELA SAMSON
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PRIYANKA GANDHI
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SHOBHAA DE
ARUNDHATI ROY
SURESH GOPI
MOHANLAL
BARKHA DUTT
SHEKHAR GUPTA
SIDHARTH VARADARAJAN
N RAM
MANI SHANKAR AIYERAN
ROMILA THAPAR
IRFAN HABIB
NIVEDITA MENON
AYESHA KIDWAI
KARAN THAPAR
CNR RAO
PM BHARGHAVA
KIRAN MAJUMDAR SHAW
SHAZIA ILMI
VIR SANGHVI
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RAMACHANDRA GUHA
DANIEL RAJA
BRINDA KARAT
PRAKASH KARAT
SITARAM YECHURY
SUMEET CHOPRA
DINESH VARSHNEY
ANNA VETTIKAD
SUDHEENDRA KULKARNI
PRAKASH RAJ
FATHER CEDRIC PERIERA
KANCHA ILAIH
JOHN DAYAL
KAVITA KRISHNAN
TEESTA SETALVAD
SWARA TRRR BHASKAR ( OR IS IT PRRRR ? )
RANA AYYUB
SNEHLA RASHID
PAGALIKA GHOSE
GIRISH KARNAD
JOHN BRITTAS
KAMALAHASSAN
DILIP CHERIAN
SUHEL SETH
SWAMYs VIRAAT SENA
VC OF JNU
VC OF DU/ JU/ TISS
DEAN OF FTII
IRA BHASKAR
ADMIRAL LN RAMDAS
KAVITA RAMDAS
LALITA RAMDAS
NAYANTARA SEHGAL
PRITISH NANDY
ASHISH NANDY
DEVDUTT PATTANAIK
AMISH TRIPATHI
WENDY DONIGER
SHELDON POLLOCK
AUDREY TRUSCHKE
RSS
VHP
AVBP
SONAM MAHAJAN
VIVEK OBEROI
GAUTAM GAMBHIR
MOHAN BHAGWAT
JAVED AKTHAR
NASSERUDDIN SHAH
EVERY HINDU ORGANISTAION
VC COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
VC CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
VC OXFORD UNIVERSITY
WEBSITES OF DESH BHAKT LEADERS
SPREAD ON SOCIAL MEDIA EVERY WHICH WAY
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lt-gen-hooda-says-need-to-review-afspa-in-jk-amidst-bjps-strong-attack-on-congress/articleshow/68728629.cms
ReplyDeleteADMIRAL RAMDAS
JULIO RIBEIRO
AND NOW
HOODAAAAAAA
ALL USEFUL IDIOTS ... SLAVES TO THE ITALIANS..
capt ajit vadakayil
..
https://www.news18.com/news/world/joe-biden-posts-apology-on-touching-women-inappropriately-gets-trolled-by-donald-trump-2089653.html
ReplyDeleteTHIS IS A RED HERRING
THIS BASTARD JOE BIDEN IS A PEDOPHILE WHO GETS A MASSIVE TENT AT HIS CROTCH THE MOMENT HE SEES A SMALL GIRL BELOW THE AGE OF 12..
PEDOPHILE PERVERT BIDEN POKES THE SMALL GIRLS WITH HIS ERECT PRICK.. EVERYBODY KNOWS IT...
CHECK OUT 7.20 , 8.37 - IN THE VIDEO BELOW
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b3ir0GY5Mr0
capt ajit vadakayil
..
Sir, that woman at 3:59 read him. She understood.
DeleteThis sick man can't help it because he is stuck at 1st chakra. How come no one has taken any action against him? He asks every girls' name and age.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_n_1aQjzSc
ReplyDeleteAAARRRGGGHH PPTTHHEEOOOOYYYYYYY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VcMsm7w10Yw
Sir, He is talking about technical aspect.
DeleteLanguage abuse is not ok.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=32&v=lototf2gh5Y
ReplyDeleteCAPT AJIT VADAKAYIL DECLARED
RAGHURAM RAJAN DOES NOT UNDERSTAND THE BASICS OF ECONOMICS
ALL HE KNOWS IS BULLSHIT ROTHSCHILDs ECONOMICS
ARUN JAITLEY BEING A LAWYER --KNOWS BETTER ECONOMICS THAN RAGHURAM RAJAN..
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2016/06/gpi-dog-shall-wag-gdp-tail-not-vice.html
RAGHURAM RAJAN WAS HANDPICKED BY JEW ROTHSCHILD TO SHOWCASE ROARING LION INDIA AS A BEGGAR NATION..AND BEGGAR WHITE EU NATIONS ARE RICH NATIONS..
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SoLCD3rP9DM
ReplyDeleteSEVERAL TIMES BY SHIP WENT UP THE DANUBE TO GALATI..
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SoLCD3rP9DM
ON EITHER SIDE YOU GET TO SEE VILLAGES UNTOUCHED BY MODERN PROGRESS.
SOMEBODY ASKED ME
ReplyDeleteHOW IS ARUNDHATI SUZANNE ROY A JEWESS
WELL, HER GRANDFATHER FATHER PV ISAAC WAS A JEW..
ARUNDHATI BABY LAMPOONED HER BROTHER GEORGE ISAAC AS CHACKO OF PARADISE PICKLES ( IN REALITY PALAT PICKLES ) IN THE BOOK GOD OF SMALL THINGS. P STANDS FOR PALATHINKAL FAMILY..
JEW KURIAN PALATHINKAL ( 1680 AD ) WAS A ROTHSCHILD AGENT.
PRANNOY JAMES ROYs IRISH MOTHER WAS NOT A CATHOLIC BUT A JEWESS
capt ajit vadakayil
..
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/niti-aayog-vice-chairman-rajiv-kumar-has-violated-model-code-election-commission/articleshow/68744532.cms
ReplyDeleteEC WANTS TO BURY THE TRUTH ?..
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7eq6VmUKDw
ReplyDeletehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=egqRGRUAwwg
we separated just a day back -- how can I live like this for years - why do your memories come instead of death - our love lasted only for a few days – now this long separation - my life is on the edge of my lips - this monsoon has started a fire - you broke mirrors of our hearts – our garden got destroyed before they could bloom -- birds separated before they met – oh, the sound of a cuckoo bird makes me feel low--
Sir, Flute playing was nice in the beginning.
DeleteRadha never existed.
Judge panel was interesting in second link. Pir ali muslim, S. Mahadevan - voice issue. Gujarati Singer Devang Patel. Patels are Rothschild's agents.
Singer Jaspinder, where she was standing, it looked like an eye was drawn.
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/iaf-refutes-us-journal-report-that-pakistan-didnt-lose-any-f16/articleshow/68744963.cms
ReplyDeleteF16 JETS HAVE LOST THEIR MARKET !
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2013/05/kalasha-symbol-of-cosmic-womb-capt-ajit.html
ReplyDeleteHAPPY GUDI PADWA / UGADI TO MY READERS..
KALASHA KUMBHAM IS THE MOST POTENT SYMBOL OF SANATANA DHARMA..
IT MUST NOT BE IMPALED BY A STICK AND HUNG UPSIDE DOWN LIKE HOW JEW ROTHSCHILD MADE HIS CHITPAVAN JEWS --NAY-- BRAHMINS DO.. THIS IS BLASPHEMY..
DESPITE TELLING MORE FOUR CONSECUTIVE YEARS --- HE STILL SHOWED PICTURES OF IMPALED KALASHA KUMBHAM IN ALL 4 YEARS .. DELIBERATELY..
https://twitter.com/narendramodi/status/1114355306690240512
capt ajit vadakayil
..
Happy Ugadi to all Telugu readers .how howe I have decided not to celebrate from thos year. Rather I would celebrate on Vishu which is a new year qccaccord to sun and not moon.
DeleteThanks,
Srini
Happy Gudi Padwa to you Ajit Sir.
DeleteOn this day I wish that all our Indians read this blogpost and learn the truth with gratitude.
:-)
Sir
ReplyDeletehttps://www.quora.com/Why-do-you-think-BJP-is-needed-in-Bengal/answers/132063294?ch=10&share=45e1ab24&srid=348KG
The truth of West Bengal which is under the rule of TMC Goons and Didi..
Sir
ReplyDeletehttps://www.quora.com/Was-Allah-gay?ch=10&share=14574be2&srid=348KG
Quora denigrating Islam..
What is the agenda of Quora..
ALLAH IS A DIRECT LIFT OF BRAHMAN..
DeleteTHE ADVAITA VEDANTA FIELD WHICH CANNOT BE PICKED UP BY THE 5 HUMAN SENSES --WHICH CANNOT BE DRAWN OR DEPICTED..
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2018/09/sanatana-dharma-hinduism-exhumed-and.html
BEEJ MANTRA OF SAHASRARA CHAKRA IS ALL- AH
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2014/03/beej-mantra-anuswaram-nasal-sound.html
capt ajit vadakayil
..
https://www.republicworld.com/india-news/general-news/watch-rahul-gandhis-top-aide-sam-pitroda-insults-indians-calls-them-monkeys-who-dont-know-how-to-use-mobile-phones
ReplyDeleteI HAVE BEEN ALL ROUND TH PLANET FOR 40 YEARS..
INDIANS ( EVEN IF HE IS ILLITERATE ) IS THE MOST TECH SAVYY AND MATH ORIENTED PEOPLE ON THE PLANET..
HIS NAME IS SATYANARAYANA -- SAM BANN GAYA-- ANGREZ HAI NAH !
SAM BABY IS THE MONKEY !...
In 1984, Sam baby sold himself to Rajiv Gandhi who put him as his tech adviser . He instantly developed a Messiah Complex. He was literally ze cat’s whiskers..
He had his first meeting with the Indian Tech minister Mr Unnikrishnan – a sharp and level headed politician, who had returned six times to Lok Sabha, from Badagara constituency, next to my hometown .
The entire group was waiting for Sam to appear. And there he breezes in - nay- sashays in , fashionably late... All must wait for the messiah right? He tells the minister “ Hi , you must have heard of me , I am Sam-- Sam Pitroda”...
In the meeting , his huge ego occupied the whole room and he rubbed everybody the wrong way...
Finally Unnikrishnan told him “ I do NOT need messiahs!! ”..
After this electric shock Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda—OOPS—Sam got his messiah syndrome rearranged...
Unnikrishnan did NOT jump into conclusions. .
He observed this man carefully for the messiah syndrome..
There was a grandiose sense of self-importance. There was this tendency NOT to acknowledge imperfections. .
He required excessive admiration and respect . He had a sense of entitlement, i.e., unreasonable expectations of automatic compliance with his expectations . .
There was this lack of empathy - unwilling to recognize or identify with the needs of others . There was this arrogant attitude and inflated feeling of personal ability, privilege, or infallibility..
There was this noble impulse to come to rescue of the sufferers even when there is no real necessity. There was this fixation and obsession on "I," "me," "my" and "mine," and the need to to draw attention..
The messiah sees himself as the one visionary who can save the world and restore utopia, even if they have to drag everyone else kicking and screaming to get there, because they are the only ones that understand things as they are...
CAPT AJIT VADAKAYIL CAN FIT THE INTELLECT OF SAM BABY UNDER THE FORESKIN OF HIS UNCIRCUMCISED PRICK AND HAVE SPACE FOR 99.999 % MORE.
capt ajit vadakayil
..
PUT ABOVE COMMENT IN WEBSITES OF--
DeleteSAM PITRODA
ANURAG THAKUR
PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE
EVERY INDIAN MEDIA
PMO
PM MODI
NITI AYOG
AMITABH KANT
COL RATHORE
I&B DEPT
CJI GOGOI
ALL SUPREME COURT JUDGES
ATTORNEY GENERAL
ALL HIGH CURT CHIEF JUSCTICES
SWAMY
GURUMURTHY
RAJIV MALHOTRA
AJIT DOVAL
RAW
NIA
IB
CBI
ED
RAJNATH SINGH
HOME MINISTRY
RAJEEV CHANDRASHEKHAR
MOHANDAS PAI
RAM MADHAV
RAJ THACKREY
UDDHAV THACKREY
CMs OF ALL INDIAN STATES
DGPs OF ALL STATES
GOVERNORS OF ALL STATES
PRESIDENT OF INDIA
VP OF INDIA
SRI SRI RAVISHANKAR
SADGURU JAGGI VASUDEV
BABA RAMDEV
MATA AMRITANANDA MAYI
NCM
NHRC
SPEAKER LOK SABHA
SPEAKER RAJYA SABHA
EVERY MP OF LOK SABHA AND RAJYA SABHA
EVERY CENTRAL MINISTER / MINISTRY
SOLI BABY
SALVE BABY
FALI BABY
KATJU BABY
KIRON KHER
MEENAKSHI LEKHI
SMRITI IRANI
ARUN SHOURIE
MADHI TREHAN
MADHU KISHWAR
GEN GD BAKSHI
SAMBIT PATRA
RSN SINGH
SHASHI THAROOR
ANUPAM KHER
CHETAN BHAGAT
CLOSET COMMIE ARNAB GOSWMI
RAJDEEP SARDESAI
NAVIKA KUMAR
ZAKKA JACOB
ANAND NARASIMHAN
SRINIVASAN JAIN
SONAL MEHROTRA KAPOOR
VIKRAM CHANDRA
NIDHI RAZDAN
RAVISH KUMAR
PRANNOY JAMES ROY
AROON PURIE
VINEET JAIN
RAGHAV BAHL
SEEMA CHISTI
DILEEP PADGOANKAR
VIR SANGHVI
PRASOON JOSHI
LEELA SAMSON
PRITISH NANDI
ASHISH NANDI
JEAN DREZE
ARUNA ROY
HARSH MANDER
NANDITA DAS
ANAND PATWARDHAN
VINOD DUA
RAJAT SHARMA
JULIO RIBEIRO
ALL CONGRESS SPOKESMEN
RAHUL GANDHI
SONIA GANDHI
PRIYANKA GANDHI
ROBERT VADRA
LK ADVANI
MURLI MANOHAR JOSHI
SHOBHAA DE
ARUNDHATI ROY
SURESH GOPI
MOHANLAL
BARKHA DUTT
SHEKHAR GUPTA
SIDHARTH VARADARAJAN
N RAM
MANI SHANKAR AIYERAN
ROMILA THAPAR
IRFAN HABIB
NIVEDITA MENON
AYESHA KIDWAI
KARAN THAPAR
PAVAN VARMA
RAMACHANDRA GUHA
DANIEL RAJA
BRINDA KARAT
PRAKASH KARAT
SITARAM YECHURY
SUMEET CHOPRA
DINESH VARSHNEY
ANNA VETTIKAD
SUDHEENDRA KULKARNI
PRAKASH RAJ
FATHER CEDRIC PERIERA
KANCHA ILAIH
JOHN DAYAL
KAVITA KRISHNAN
TEESTA SETALVAD
SWARA TRRR BHASKAR ( OR IS IT PRRRR ? )
RANA AYYUB
SNEHLA RASHID
PAGALIKA GHOSE
GIRISH KARNAD
JOHN BRITTAS
KAMALAHASSAN
DILIP CHERIAN
SUHEL SETH
SWAMYs VIRAAT SENA
VC OF JNU
VC OF DU/ JU/ TISS
DEAN OF FTII
IRA BHASKAR
ADMIRAL LN RAMDAS
KAVITA RAMDAS
LALITA RAMDAS
NAYANTARA SEHGAL
PRITISH NANDY
ASHISH NANDY
SS
VHP
AVBP
SONAM MAHAJAN
VIVEK OBEROI
GAUTAM GAMBHIR
MOHAN BHAGWAT
JAVED AKTHAR
NASSERUDDIN SHAH
EVERY HINDU ORGANISTAION
WEBSITES OF DESH BHAKT LEADERS
SPREAD ON SOCIAL MEDIA EVERY WHICH WAY
SOMEBODY ASKED ME—WHAT IS THIS IR8 RICE YOU HAVE MENTIONED IN YOUR BLOG..
ReplyDeleteWELL IT SACRIFICED QUALITY FOR QUANTITY.. THE NUTITIONAL VALUE IS VERY POOR.
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2015/09/gm-ir8-rice-high-amylose-content.html
IN KERALA ITSELF WE HAD MORE THAN 1.82 LAKH ( 180,000 ) VARIETIES OF RICE.. RICE LIKE NJAVARA WAS PREVENTIVE MEDICINE.
THE IR8 WAS A CONSPIRACY ON THE THIRD WORLD BY ROTHSCHILD USING HIS FRONTS—THE FORD AND ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATIONS..
FAMINE WAS DELIBERATELY CREATED AS A HEGELIAN DIALECTIC TO PUSH THSE USELESS VARIETIES OF RICE WHICH GIVE YOU BRAIN FOG AND REDUCED FERTILITY OF WOMEN..
The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) is an international agricultural research and training organization with headquarters in Los Baños, Laguna in the Philippines and offices in seventeen countries with more than 1500 staff.
THE WHOLE IDEA WAS TO CONTROL FOOD .
STERILE / TERMINATOR SEEDS WAS THE FIRST STEP..
http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2012/05/monsanto-and-farmer-suicides-in-india.html
SO SO SO-- In 1960, the KOSHER DEEP STATE established and funded the IRRI, the International Rice Research Institute, in the Philippines with Dr. Robert Chandler as its director. Henry Beachell became IRRI's chief rice breeder.
They imported seeds for over 10,000 varieties of rice from around the world. Many of these were dwarf varieties to cross with taller varieties.
In 1962, Dr. Peter Jennings made 38 crosses of various varieties at IRRI. The eighth was between a Chinese dwarf variety known as Dee-geo-woo-gen (DGWG) and a tall variety from Indonesia, Peta. This eighth cross was promising, but only 130 seeds were produced. How those 130 seeds became the famous IR8 variety was a DELIBERATE process –
The 130 seeds were planted in pots to produce the first generation (F1) of plants. All were tall.
The F1 seeds were planted and produced about 10,000 second-generation (F2) plants. One-quarter of those plants were dwarf. That meant that dwarfism was controlled by a single gene in the DGWG variety, making the job of producing a commercial variety a lot easier.
All of the tall plants from the F2 generation were discarded, and the short plants were planted to become the F3 generation.
From the F3 plants, Beachell used his plant judging skills to select 298 individual plants. Seeds from each of those plants were planted in individual "pedigree rows" to produce the fourth (F4) generation.
In that F4 generation, Beachell again selected the best individual plants. In row 288, the third plant in looked the best to him. He dubbed it IR8-288-3 and this F5 plant became the source for the revolutionary variety that became known simply as IR8.
By 1980, IR36 resisted pests and grew fast enough to allow two crops a year instead of just one, doubling the yield. Less time in chemical laden soil means less quality.. And by 1990, using more advanced genetic manipulation techniques, IR72 was outperforming even IR36
By employing "Terminator" genes, seed manufacturers can exercise patent enforcement techniques not too different from software activation. You can grow the plants fine, but the engineered traits require chemical activation, thus enforcing annual license fees from farmers.. Because genetically engineered seeds are patented, the seed company can maintain strict control over how the seeds are used.
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