CHEMICAL HAZARDS ON CHEMICAL TANKERS- CAPT AJIT VADAKAYIL
Personal Protective Equipment - The items
listed are those recommended by (a) manufacturers, either in technical
bulletins or in Material Safety Data Sheets, (b) the Chemical Manufacturers
Association, or (c) the National Safety Council, for use by personnel while
responding to fire or accidental discharge of the chemical. They are intended to protect the lungs, eyes,
and skin. Safety showers and eyewash
fountains are considered to be important protective equipment for the handling
of almost all chemicals; they are not usually listed.
Symptoms Following
Exposure - These are brief descriptions of the effects observed in humans when
the vapor (gas) is inhaled, when the liquid or solid is ingested (swallowed),
and when the liquid or solid comes in contact with the eyes or skin.
Treatment for Exposure
- “First-aid” procedures are recommended.
They deal with exposure to the vapor (gas), liquid, or solid and include
inhalation, ingestion (swallowing) and contact with eyes or skin. The instruction “Do NOT induce vomiting” is
given if an unusual hazard is associated with the chemical being sucked into
the lungs (aspiration) while the patient is vomiting. “Seek medical attention” or “Call a doctor”
is recommended in those cases where only competent medical personnel can treat
the injury properly. In all cases of
human exposure, seek medical assistance as soon as possible.
Threshold Limit Value –
Time Weighted Average -The Threshold Limit Value Time Weighted Average
(TLV-TWA) is usually expressed in units of parts per million (ppm) - i.e., the
parts of vapor (gas) per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25oC
(77oF) and one atmosphere pressure. For
a chemical that forms a fine mist or dust, the concentration is given in
milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3). The
TLV is defined as the concentration of the substance in air that can be
breathed for five consecutive eight-hour workdays (40-hour work week) by most
people without adverse effect (American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists, “Threshold Limit Values for Substance in Workroom Air, Adopted by
ACGIH”). As some people become ill after
exposure to concentrations lower than the TLV, this value cannot be used to
define exactly what is a “safe” or “dangerous” concentration.
No entry appears when
the chemical is a mixture; it is possible to calculate the TLV for a mixture
only when the TLV for each component of the mixture is known and the
composition of the mixture by weight is also known.
Threshold Limit Value -
Short-Term Exposure Limits - The parts of vapor (gas per million parts of
contaminated air by volume at 25oC (77oF) and one atmosphere pressure is
given. The limits are given in
milligrams per cubic meter for chemicals that can form a fine mist or
dust. The values given are the maximum
permissible average exposures for the time periods specified.
Threshold Limit Value –
Ceiling Value – The parts of vapor (gas per million parts of contaminated air
by volume at 25oC (77oF) and one atmosphere pressure is given. The limits are given in milligrams per cubic
meter for chemicals that can form a fine mist or dust. The values given are for a concentration that
is not to be exceeded at any time.
Toxicity by Ingestion -
The Grade and corresponding LD50 value are those defined by the National
Academy of Sciences, Committee on Hazardous Materials, “Evaluation of the
Hazard of Bulk Water Transportation of Industrial Chemicals, A Tentative
Guide,” Washington, D.C., 1972. Data
were also collected from other sources and converted to the appropriate Grade
before entry in this manual. The term
LD50 signifies that about 50% of the animals given the specified dose by mouth
will die. Thus, for a Grade 4 chemical
(below 50 mg/kg) the toxic dose for 50% of animals weighing 70 kg (150 lb) is
70 X 50 = 3500 mg = 3.5 g, or less than 1 teaspoonful; it might be as little as
a few drops. For a Grade 1 chemical (5
to 15g/k g), the LD50 would be between a pint and a quart for a 150-lb
man. All LD50 values have been obtained
using small laboratory animals such as rodents, cats, and dogs. The substantial risks taken in using these
values for estimating human toxicity are the same as those taken when new drugs
are administered to humans for the first time.
Toxicity by Inhalation
– Similar to the Toxicity by Ingestion entry, except that the route of exposure
is inhalation instead of ingestion.
Units and definition of units are the same.
Chronic Toxicity -
Where there is evidence that the chemical can cause cancer, mutagenic effects,
teratogenic effects, or a delayed injury to vital organs such as the liver or
kidney, a qualitative description of the effect is given.
Vapor (Gas) Irritant Characteristics - The
most appropriate of five statements listed below is given. Source:
National Academy of Sciences, Committee on Hazardous Materials,
“Evaluation of the Hazard of Bulk Water Transportation of Industrial Chemicals,
A Tentative Guide,” Washington, D.C.,1972.)
(1) Vapors are non
irritating to eyes and throat.
(2) Vapors cause a
slight smarting of the eyes or respiratory system if present in high
concentrations. The effect is temporary.
(3) Vapors cause
moderate irritation such that personnel will find high concentrations
unpleasant. The effect is temporary.
(4) Vapors are
moderately irritating such that personnel will not usually tolerate moderate or
high concentrations.
(5) Vapors cause severe
irritation of eyes and throat and can cause eye and lung injury. They cannot be tolerated even at low
concentrations.
Liquid or Solid
Irritant Characteristics - The most appropriate of the following five
statements is given (same source as 5.8 above):
(1) No appreciable
hazard. Practically harmless to the
skin.
(2) Minimum
hazard. If spilled on clothing and
allowed to remain, may cause smarting and reddening of skin.
(3) Causes smarting of
the skin and first-degree burns on short exposure; may cause second-degree
burns on long exposure.
(4) Fairly severe skin
irritant. May cause pain and
second-degree burns after a few minutes' contact.
(5) Severe skin
irritant. Causes second- and
third-degree burns on short contact and is very injurious to the eyes.
Odor Threshold - This
is the lowest concentration in air that most humans can detect by smell. The value cannot be relied on to prevent over-exposure,
because human sensitivity to odors varies over wide limits, some chemicals
cannot be smelled at toxic concentrations, odors can be masked by other odors,
and some compounds rapidly deaden the sense of smell.
IDLH Value - The
Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Value - This concentration represents
a maximum level from which one could escape within 30 minutes without any
escape-impairing symptoms or any irreversible healtheffects. The concentrations are reported in either
parts per million (ppm) or milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3).
OSHA Permissible
Exposure Limit – Time Weighted Average – Similar to the definition of the
TLV-TWA above, except that this limit has been promulgated by the Occupational
Safety and Health Agency.
OSHA Permissible
Exposure Limit – Short Term Exposure Limit – Similar to the definition of the
TVL-STEL above, except that this limit has been promulgated by the Occupational
Safety and Health Agency.
OSHA Permissible
Exposure Limit – Ceiling – Similar to the definition of the TVL-Ceiling above,
except that this limit has been promulgated by the Occupational Safety and
Health Agency.
EPA AEGL – Acute
Exposure Guideline information from the Environmental Protection Agency for the
specific compound listed in the manual.
Transportation of bulk
chemicals do not only require special hardware, but also special crew training,
both theoretical and practical, in order for them to understand the
characteristics of the various chemicals and be aware of the potential hazards
involved in handling them.
Detailed hazards of
particular substances are provided in MSDS and in publications such as the, ICS
Tanker Safety Guide (Chemicals). The purpose of the following is to provide
broad guidance on these hazards, particularly those impacting on health.
General Hazards:
Chemical cargoes may
present a fire hazard which will be determined by the flashpoint, boiling
point, flammability limits and auto-ignition temperature of the product. The
marine pollution hazard will be dependent on several factors that include
bioaccumulation and the attendant risk to aquatic life or human health or
causing tainting to seafood. In addition, release into the marine environment
may cause damage to living resources, hazard to human health and consequent reduction
of amenities.
The air pollution
hazard posed by release into the atmosphere may be categorised by the emergency
exposure limit (EEL) of the substance.
Health Hazards:
Most of the chemicals
present more than one hazard to health, for example, it may:
• Be corrosive.
• Be poisonous.
• Produce toxic
vapours.
• Pose an asphyxiation
hazard.
• Result in long-term
damage to eyes or the nervous system.
• Have long-term
carcinogenic effects.
Toxicity:
Toxicity may be
described as the ability of a substance to cause damage to living tissue,
impairment of the central nervous system, severe illness or, in extreme cases,
death when inhaled, ingested, or absorbed by the skin. The amounts required to
produce these results vary widely with the nature of the substance and the time
of exposure to it. Toxicity is divided into two main groups; “acute” which
refers to exposure of a short duration, i.e. a single brief exposure, and the
“chronic” toxicity refers to exposure of long duration, i.e. repeated or
prolonged exposures. Toxicity is objectively evaluated on the basis of test
dosages made on experimental animals under controlled conditions.
Prevention from
exposures is achieved by a combination of preventing toxic fumes or liquid from
contaminating the workplace and the use of Personal Protective Equipment.
Asphyxia:
Asphyxia can be
described as a condition caused by lack of air (oxygen) i.e. suffocation. Any
vapour may cause asphyxiation, whether toxic or not. Danger areas are cargo
tanks, void spaces, double bottoms, pump rooms, peaks etc. and before entering
these spaces The Company’s Enclosed Space Entry procedures must be observed.
Anesthesia:
Certain vapours have an
anesthetic effect and may cause loss of consciousness due to its effect on the
nervous system. Anesthetic vapours could be both toxic and non toxic.
Exposure:
Exposure may be either
acute or chronic. With acute exposure, the victim is subjected to a one-off
high level dose and the symptoms are usually immediately apparent, although
there can be a delayed reaction. The damage caused may be irreversible, even
with treatment.
Chronic exposure is
associated with a relatively low level of exposure over a period of time.
Symptoms may not be apparent until many years later, which in some cases, could
be over 30 years after exposure ceases.
Exposure to the product
may be by inhalation, skin absorption or ingestion. Inhalation of vapour or
mist is by far the most likely route for harmful substances to enter the body.
The effect of exposure
will depend upon the toxicity of the vapour, the level of contamination and the
volatility of the product. Exposure to the vapour may cause a variety of
effects that could include systemic poisoning, irritation of the nose, throat
and respiratory system and even asphyxiation.
Absorption may be
directly through skin contact and any physical injuries, such as cuts or
abrasions, will serve to increase the absorption rate. Exposure may cause skin
irritation which, in its mildest form may result in dermatitis, and systematic
effects.
Ingestion may be
caused, for example, by accidentally swallowing a chemical when splashed by it.
Some liquids have corrosive properties such that if they come into contact with
the skin, they may completely or partly destroy living tissue, causing acute
pain. Others, although only causing slight skin irritation at the outset, can
eventually result in severe damage to the eyes and other mucous membranes.
Respiratory Protection:
There are various types
of respiratory protection equipment available, ranging from simple dust masks
to more complex types of masks. It is essential that the correct type of mask
is worn for the specific task to be carried out.
Note that respirators
do not protect the user in an oxygen deficient atmosphere and they do not
necessarily protect against all gases that may exist on a ship. Some types of
respirator (filter canister type masks) are designed to protect from specific
chemicals and are used sometimes in the petro-chemical industry ashore.
However, these are not suitable for ship use and prohibited onboard Company vessels.
The only sure way that
you can guarantee the air you are breathing is safe, is to use a compressed air
breathing apparatus set filled by a dedicated compressor with a clean air
certificate.
Filter masks should be
used only in areas where the air contains at least 20% by volume of oxygen.
It is also important to
understand that a filter mask alone will not give adequate protection. It shall
be noted that a chemical may be both toxic and explosive/flammable.
Threshold Limit Value
(TLV):
TLV refers to the
maximum concentration of gases, vapours, mist or sprays to which it is believed
that nearly all persons may be repeatedly exposed day after day without adverse
effects. TLV is stated as Time Weighted Average (TLV-TWA), Short Term Exposure
Limit (TLV-STEL) and Ceiling (TLV-C): usually expressed in parts per million
(ppm). Refer to ISGOTT for more details.
Flammability:
Vapour given off by a
flammable liquid will burn when ignited provided it is mixed with certain
proportions of air. If the vapour mixture is too lean or too rich it will not
burn. The range in which it will burn is called the flammable range, and the
limits are called the lower flammable limits (LFL) and the upper flammable limits
(UFL). See definitions carried in Section 1 of these operating instructions for
further details.
A flammable vapour also
needs Oxygen in order to burn, typically in excess of 11 percent for
hydrocarbon vapours. In addition a flammable liquid must be at a temperature
high enough to give off sufficient vapour in order to ignite (the Flash Point).
For the purpose of safe handling procedures, the flammability characteristics
of various products are divided into three broad categories:
Flammable cargoes------------
flash point not exceeding 60°C
Combustible
cargoes-----------flash point exceeding 60°C
Non-combustible
cargoes------cargoes which have no flash point
Reactivity:
Chemicals may react in
a number of ways; with water, with itself, with air, with other chemicals or
with other materials.
Self-reaction
The most common form of
self-reaction is polymerisation. Polymerisation may be a slow natural process
which only degrades the product without posing any safety hazards, or it may be
a rapid exothermic reaction with a large amount of heat build-up and gases
evolved. Such a reaction is called a run-off polymerisation and poses a serious
danger to both the ship and its personnel.
Products that are
self-reactive are inhibited with a stabiliser to prevent self-reaction. The
action to be taken in case of a polymerisation situation should be covered by
the ship’s emergency/contingency plan.
• Reaction with water
Certain cargoes react
with water, most noticeable the isocyanates, in a way that could pose a danger
to both the ship and its personnel. These cargoes are carried under inert
condition, see chapter 9 in the IBC code. Other cargoes react with water in a
slow way that poses no safety hazards, but the reaction could cause chemicals
that may damage equipment and/or tank materials.
• Reaction with air
Certain cargoes may
react with air to form unstable oxygen compounds (peroxides) which, when
allowed to build up, could cause an explosion. Such cargoes are either
inhibited by an anti-oxidant and/or carried under inert condition.
• Reaction with other cargoes
Certain cargoes react
dangerously with one another. Such cargoes should be stowed away from each
other (not adjacent) and prevented from mixing by using separate cargo and vent
lines.
The master must ensure
that cargoes stowed adjacent to each other are compatible, and should consult
the USCG CHRIS compatibility guide (Section 16) prior to loading.
Reaction with other
materials:
The materials of
construction must be compatible with the cargo to be carried. Some materials
may react with the product and trigger a self- reaction within the product,
some alloys will react in a non hazardous way, but render the product unusable
or in case of an edible product, inedible. See the IBC code.
Corrositivity:
Acids, anhydrides and
alkalis are among the most common carried corrosive substances. They can
rapidly destroy human tissue and cause irreparable damage. They can also
corrode normal construction materials, and create a safety hazard to the ship.
Acids in particular react with most metals evolving hydrogen gas, which is
highly flammable. As to suitable materials of construction see IBC code.
Handling of these
substances should only be done wearing suitable Personal Protective Equipment.
Putrefaction:
Most animal and
vegetable oils undergo decomposition, this process, known as putrefaction,
generates obnoxious and toxic vapours and deplete the oxygen in the tank. Tanks
that have contained such product must be properly ventilated and the atmosphere
tested prior to tank entry. This is especially important prior sending
personnel into the tank for sweeping purposes.
Strict compliance with
the tank entry procedures will apply.
Coconut and Vegetable
Oils:
In addition to
putrefaction, the above types of oil can have hazards associated with the
production of Carbon Monoxide (CO). These dangers are heightened during heating
and the final stages of discharge when CO levels have been known to reach in
excess of 3,000ppm. As a result, it is essential that before entering a tank
for either “squeezing” the last remaining cargo or for tank cleaning that the
following precautions are taken.
The atmosphere of the
tanks is monitored regularly throughout discharge for the presence of CO.
Temperatures should also be taken as excessive temperatures will assist in the
production of CO.
The eight-hour safe
exposure limit for CO is given as ,
30PPM although short-term
exposure (15 minutes) of up to 200ppm can be allowed under exceptional
circumstances. CO is toxic by inhalation and can cause serious damage to heath.
Accordingly, a meter, capable of measuring these limits, must be on board. Full
enclosed space entry procedures as detailed in the SEM must also be followed with
additional checks made for CO. Failure to follow these precautions may result
in fatalities.
CHEMICAL REACTIVITY
Reactivity with Water -
The term “No reaction” means that no hazard results when the chemical reacts or
mixes with water. Where a hazard does
result, it is described.
Reactivity with Common
Materials - This is limited to hazardous reactions with fuels and with common
materials of construction such as metal, wood, plastics, cement, and
glass. The nature of the hazard, such as
severe corrosion or formation of a flammable gas, is described.
Stability During
Transport - The term “Stable” means that the chemical will not decompose in a
hazardous manner under the conditions of temperature, pressure, and mechanical
shock that are normally encountered during shipment; the term does not apply to
fire situations. Where there is a
possibility of hazardous decomposition, an indication of the conditions and the
nature of the hazard is given.
Neutralizing Agents for
Acids and Caustics - In all cases involving accidental discharge, dilution with
water may be followed by use of the agent specified, particularly if the
material cannot be flushed away; the agent specified need not necessarily be
used.
Polymerization - A few
chemicals can undergo rapid polymerization to form sticky, resinous materials,
with the liberation of much heat. The
containers may explode. For these
chemicals the conditions under which the reaction can occur are given.
Inhibitor of
Polymerization - The chemical names and concentrations of inhibitors added by
the manufacturer to prevent polymerization are given.
WATER POLLUTION
Aquatic Toxicity - The
form of data presentation used by the Environmental Protection Agency's “Oil
and Hazardous Material-Technical Assistance Data System (OHM-TADS)” is used
here. Reading from left to right and
separated by slashes (/) are the following data:
Time of exposure in
hours;
Name of the aquatic
species studied;
Effect observed; LC50
means that approximately 50% of the fish will die under the conditions of
concentrations and time given. TLm
(Median Tolerance Limit) means that approximately 50% of the fish will show
abnormal behavior (including death) under the conditions of concentrations and
time given; the term EC50 (Effective Concentration50) is used sometimes instead
of TLm;
The kind of water used
in the test (fresh or salt)
Some chemicals have
been tested with many species of fish.
Where the data were available, the
data sheet cites one
illustrative test in fresh water and one in salt water.
Waterfowl Toxicity -
Very little information is available. In
a few cases there is entered the LD50 value, which indicates the dose (in
milligrams per kilogram of body weight) that is lethal to about half the
waterfowl tested.
Biological Oxygen
Demand (BOD) - Also called “biochemical oxygen demand,” this is a standard way
of describing how much oxygen dissolved in water is consumed by biological
oxidation of the chemical during the stated period of time. The unit lb/lb indicates the pounds of oxygen
consumed by each pound of chemical during the time stated. When given in percent, the values indicate
the pounds of oxygen consumed by each 100 pounds of chemical during the time
stated. If the percentage is followed by
“(theor.)”, it indicates the pounds of oxygen theoretically required to completely
oxidize 100 pounds of the chemical.
Food Chain
Concentration Potential - If the chemical is consumed by fish, marine plants,
waterfowl, etc., that are in turn eaten by other species, the substance may
accumulate and ultimately be consumed by humans. Where this occurs, an indication of the
potential hazard and its significance is given.
GESAMP Hazard Profile –
A composite list of hazard profiles evaluated by the Joint Group of Experts on
the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP). A summary of the legends used in the profile
follows.
Bioaccumulation and
Tainting
+ Bioaccumulated to significant extent
and known to produce a hazard to aquatic
life or human health.
Z Bioaccumulated with attendant risk to
aquatic organisms or human health,
however, with short retention of the order of one week or less.
T Liable to produce tainting of seafood.
No evidence to support one of the above
ratings (+, Z, T)
5 Damage to Living Resources, Extremely toxic 96 hr LC50 less than 0.01
mg/l
4 Highly toxic less than 1 mg/l
3 Moderately toxic 1-10 mg/l
2 Slightly toxic 10-100 mg/l
1 Practically nontoxic 100-1000 mg/l
0 Non-hazardous greater than 1000 mg/l
D Substance likely to blanket the sea-bed
BOD Substance with oxygen demand
Hazard to Human Health
by Oral Intake LD50
4 Highly hazardous less than 5 mg/kg
3 Moderately hazardous 5-50 mg/kg
2 Slightly hazardous 50-500 mg/kg
1 Practically non-hazardous 500-5000 mg/kg
0 Non-hazardous greater than 5000 mg/kg
Hazard to Human Health
by Skin and Eye Contact or Inhalation
II Hazardous (severe irritation, strong
sensitizer, lung injury, percutaneous toxicity,
carcinogenic, or other specific long-term adverse health effect.
I Slightly hazardous (mild irritation,
weak sensitizer) Non-hazardous
(non-irritant, not a sensitizer)
Reduction of Amenities
XXX Highly objectionable because of persistency,
smell or poisonous or irritant characteristics; as a result contaminated
beaches liable to be closed; also used when there is clear evidence that the
substance is a human carcinogen or that the substance has the potential to
produce other serious specific long-term adverse health effects in humans.
XX Moderately objectionable because of the
above characteristics, but short-term effects leading only to temporary
interference with use of beaches; also used when there is credible scientific
evidence that the substance is an animal carcinogen but where there is no clear
evidence to indicate that the material has caused cancer in humans, or when
there is evidence from laboratory studies that the substance could have the
potential to produce other serious specific long-term adverse health effects.
X Slightly objectionable,
non-interference with use of beaches.No problem.
Ratings in brackets, (
), indicate insufficient data available to the GESAMP experts on specific
substances, hence extrapolation was required. N – Not applicable (e.g. if
gases) Indicates data were not available to the GESAMP Working Group.
SHIPPING INFORMATION
Grades or Purity - The
grades USP (United States Pharmacopoeia) and CP (chemically pure) are quite
pure. Where “Technical” or “Commercial”
grades are given, the percent by weight of the pure chemical present is usually
indicated.
In a few cases the
identity of the major impurities is given.
If the properties of the less pure grades differ significantly from
those of the pure substance, the differences in properties are described in
general terms.
Storage Temperature -
The range of temperatures at which the chemical is normally shipped in bulk by
water transport is given. “Ambient”
means the temperature of the surroundings.
Inert Atmosphere - The
terms used are “inerted,” “padded,” “ventilated (forced),” “ventilated
(natural),” and “no requirement.” They are given when found in the Code of
Federal Regulations, Title 46, beginning in Part 151.05.
IMO Pollution Category
– pollution classification applied to this compound by the International
Maritime Organization.
Ship Type – The data
entry refers to construction and containment requirements for ships being used
to transport the chemical in question.
The information is taken from the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 46,
Part 154.
CHEMICAL FIRE HAZARDS
Flash Point - This is
defined as the lowest temperature at which vapors above a volatile combustible
substance will ignite in air when exposed to a flame. Depending on the test method used, the values
given are either Tag closed cup (C.C.) (ASTM D56) or Cleveland open cup (O.C.)
(ASTM D93). The values, give an indication of the relative
flammability of the chemical. In
general, the open cup value is about 10o to 15oF higher than the closed cup
value.
Flammable Limits in Air
- The percent concentration in air (by volume) is given for the lower (LFL) and
upper (UFL) limit. The values, give an
indication of the relative flammability of the chemical. The limits are sometimes referred to as
“lower explosive limit” (LEL) and “upper explosive limit” (UEL).
Fire Extinguishing
Agents Not to be Used - The agents listed must not be used because they react
with the chemical and create an additional hazard. In some cases they are listed because they
are ineffective in putting out the fire.
Special Hazards of Combustion
Products - Some chemicals decompose or burn to give off toxic and irritating
gases. Such gases may also be given off
by chemicals that vaporize in the heat of a fire without either decomposing or
burning. If no entry appears, the
combustion products are thought to be similar to those formed by the burning of
oil, gasoline, or alcohol; they include carbon monoxide (poisonous), carbon
dioxide, and water vapor. The specific
combustion products are usually not well known over the wide variety of conditions
existing in fires; some may be hazardous.
Behavior in Fire - Any
characteristic behavior that might increase significantly the hazard involved
in a fire is described. The formation of
dense smoke or flammable vapor clouds, and the possibility of polymerization
and explosions is stated. Unusual
difficulty in extinguishing the fire is also noted.
Ignition Temperature -
This is the minimum temperature at which the material will ignite without a
spark or flame being present. It gives
an indication of the relative flammability of the chemical. It is sometimes called the “autoignition
temperature.”
Electrical Hazard - The
ease with which the chemical is ignited by electrical equipment is indicated by
the Group and Class assignment made in the National Fire Protection
Association, “Hazardous Chemicals Data,” Boston, Mass., 1994 and in
“Classification of Gases, Liquids, and Volatile Solids Relative to
Explosion-Proof Electrical Equipment,” National Academy of Sciences, 1982. This information is available for relatively
few chemicals, so an absence of data does not necessarily mean that the
substance is not hazardous in the presence of electrical equipment.
Burning Rate - The
value is the rate (in millimeters per minute) at which the depth of a pool of
liquid decreases as the liquid burns.
Adiabatic Flame
Temperature - The value is the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit of the flame
when the material is burned under adiabatic conditions.
Stoichiometric Air to
Fuel Ratio - The value is the ratio of air to the compound in question required
for stoichiometric combustion. Since it
is a ratio, the value is dimensionless.
Flame Temperature - The
value is the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit of the flame produced by burning
the compound under stoichiometric conditions without any rate controls.
Molar Ratio (Reactant
to Product) – The number of moles of products formed, assuming complete
combustion of a single mole of the chemical reactant. These ratios were calculated assuming there
was sufficient oxygen available and that combustion did, in fact, go to
completion.
Minimum Oxygen
Concentration for Combustion (MOCC) – Information from NFPA-69 regarding the
minimum percentage of oxygen required to support combustion of the subject
compound. The results are reported for
oxygen diluted with nitrogen (N2) and/or carbon dioxide (CO2).
CAPT AJIT VADAKAYIL
29 years in command
hi,
ReplyDeleteyesterday a chemical tanker loading methanol in malaysia exploded as a result of lightning strike.
http://gcaptain.com/tanker-explodes-malaysia-fire/
this must be the first explosion on ship due to lightening strike.
hi anand,
ReplyDeleteif you read my post STATIC ELECTRICITY ON CHEMICAL TANKERS- VADAKAYIL, you can read lightning precautions.
if the ship has caught fire during a lightning storm, it is sheer negligence.
capt ajit vaadkayil
..
Wow, surprisingly I never knew this.
ReplyDeleteI have been reading your blog a lot over the past few days and it has earned a place in my bookmarks.Thanks for sharing with us.Tanker loading
Dear Sir
ReplyDeleteKindly explain the term “(theor.)”, in Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) section.
With Regards
Sanjiv
hi sk,
DeleteBOD or biological oxygen demand is the amount of oxygen required by aerobic microorganisms to decompose the organic matter in a sample of water, such as that polluted by sewage. It is used as a measure of the degree of water pollution. Aerobic bacteria survives in oxygen.
The BOD value is most commonly expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed per litre of sample during 5 days of incubation at 20 °C .
on ships we use BOD can be used as a gauge of the effectiveness of sewage treatment plant as the effluent is directly pumped into the dock water.
Biochemical oxygen demand is a measure of the quantity of oxygen used by aerobic bacteria in the oxidation of organic matter .
anaerobic bacteria which survives on methane thrives in septic tanks of homes . aerobic bacteria dies in methane and in sewage treatment plants we have blowers running 24 hrs a day 365 days a year to sustain this oxygen dependent bacteria.
The BOD test takes 5 days to complete and is performed using a dissolved oxygen test . As the waste is consumed or dispersed through the water, BOD levels will begin to decline.
capt ajit vadakayil
..
sir, please give few tips and suggestion to clear 2nd mate oral exams.
ReplyDeletePlease delete the above comment. I will acknowledge your reply as soon as i get it.
ReplyDeleteOFFICE POLITICS HAPPEN EVERYWHERE IN INDIA
DeletePROTECT YOURSELF
Knowledge of human nature and even style is the corner stone of political education. Recognize tactics used on you.
Be confident. Every power play attacker enjoys seeing fear in the victim.
Keep your emotions under a leash even when you are outraged, but don’t allow yourself to be the scapegoat for someone else’s mistakes.
Keep away from vicious smear campaigns. Do not encourage lying and deception. You will be judged by your communication styles—if you are defensive all the time—you give yourself away.
Be aware , stay focused and continue being the team player who will share man of the match awards. To stay focused you need to know the larger picture.
Be a friend on matters that do not involve the office and an employee on issues that involve your career prospects. There is no need to prove your friendship at the expense of compromising your values.
The truth is without engaging in some sort of political activity or trying to develop followers , your career will stagnate. This is why old blunt seadogs , like yours truly, who are not limelight oriented are misfits ashore.
Do favors and help others out. Even asking for help creates bonding ( what a paradox!).
Know your power—unleash it only when necessary at the right time.. Control impulses and rushes of blood.
Gain the trust of those with influence, be genuine here.
There are insecurity driven turds , in every office with the “crippler, undermining ,divide and conquer mindset” who enjoy telling you that you are worthless and unloved. It gives them temporary happiness and how.
Hello Captain,
ReplyDeleteDid you get my comment?
Thanks
Saurin
NO
DeleteSAURIN
DeleteDO SURYANAMASKAR
Thank You!!!
DeleteRequest Capt.,
ReplyDeleteWe are planning to buy a house. The house is facing NE. The SW portion of the house is closed. But the SW part of the plot has a drop of about 15 feet, (10 feet away) from the house and then levels out to a backyard. Is this ok plot to buy house on? I have ready your vastu posts thoroughly but wanted to see if this could be an issue.
Apologies if this has been covered somewhere and I missed it.
Thanks and grateful for all the work you do and have helped me personally.
Kind Regards,
Saurin Purohit
This comment has been removed by the author.
DeleteHello Capt.
ReplyDeleteThank you..any guidance on that deleted comment please would be greatly appreciated..
Thx
Saurin
DRIVE LOOKING AHEAD
DeleteBE YOUR OWN MAN
Thank you!!
ReplyDeleteHello Capt. can you please delte this comment.
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DeleteHow do I know if I need gas detection tubes for any cargo?
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